tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63914155889733172432024-03-28T13:27:08.995+11:00Construction Industry Economics and PolicyA blog about the past, present and future of the building and construction industryGerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.comBlogger124125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-92152952469260259342024-03-23T15:05:00.002+11:002024-03-23T15:35:40.117+11:00Prefabrication and MMC in Canada<p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Is this a case of missed opportunity?</i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXCyLY3dkjdWiBW7xLobNZCijqbsHg_SHDu5NfOTHyC0Tk6ElqYqzgHuSnLqtxlukispkR8PBOQnMKw7mu8ZXZ-mcfsEpqlITjxvhPoNpOhMzg9dqGM7e9R_ECuJm3XSc064lBc6S7TDxqb18umpOs5ovY89uyqKL-89OpqCn4IA04a3kEri-7BZEMLd8/s520/Screenshot%202024-03-20%20at%2011.39.33%E2%80%AFam.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="520" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXCyLY3dkjdWiBW7xLobNZCijqbsHg_SHDu5NfOTHyC0Tk6ElqYqzgHuSnLqtxlukispkR8PBOQnMKw7mu8ZXZ-mcfsEpqlITjxvhPoNpOhMzg9dqGM7e9R_ECuJm3XSc064lBc6S7TDxqb18umpOs5ovY89uyqKL-89OpqCn4IA04a3kEri-7BZEMLd8/w640-h434/Screenshot%202024-03-20%20at%2011.39.33%E2%80%AFam.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The </span><a href="http://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/flipbooks/Origine-Case-Study/#page=1" style="color: #96607d; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Origine</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">green condo project in Québec </span></div></span><span face="-webkit-standard" style="font-size: medium;"></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Canada is a globally significant producer and exporter of wood products. Its main market is the US (61% of forest product exports), but Japan (9%), and China (18%) are important. In 2022 the sector generated 56,120 jobs, CAN$6.4 billion in GDP, $1.9 billion in provincial government revenue, 26% of provincial manufacturing sales and 24% of B.C.’s total commodity export value. Between 2013 and 2022 the value of Veneer, plywood and engineered wood product manufacturing increased from $1.4 billion to $3.2 billion (to 21% of total forest product sales).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Canada has policies at both the national and provincial (state) level that have supported increased use of wood products and Modern Methods of Construction (MMC.) The National Building Code was revised in 2009 to allow light frame construction up to 6 stories, and allowance for mass timber use in 7-12 story buildings was added in the 2020 building code. Many <a href="https://wood-works.ca/ww-publications/" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">case studies</span></a> of mass timber buildings are now available.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Conventional light-frame wood construction makes up the bulk of construction. Typical light-frame construction has repetitive wood framing to form rafters or trusses using standard dimension lumber</span>. Mass timber products are thick, compressed layers of wood that serve as the load-bearing structure of a building. Because these products are lighter than other construction materials, they are used for prefabricated wood building systems<span class="apple-converted-space">. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Although a major producer of wood products a comprehensive 2021 <i>State of Prefabrication in Canada</i> <span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.naturallywood.com/resource/the-state-of-prefabrication-in-canada/" style="color: #96607d;">report</a> </span>found: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">There are three primary forms of wood prefabrication here in Canada – Mass Timber, Panels, and Volumetric Modular construction. Of these methods of prefabrication, mass timber is currently receiving significant attention due to the sustainability benefits it offers and the technical and market development efforts to encourage its use. While there are many different types of mass timber, the focus for this study is on cross-laminated timber (CLT) and Glulam structural systems. From a production capacity and market penetration perspective, mass timber in Canada still has a long way to go to reach the maturity of its European counterparts.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The report found 20 mass timber manufacturing facilities in Canada: British Columbia had 8 and 40% of total Canadian production; and Quebec had 5 facilities and 25% of overall production. Only two companies are integrated operations that harvest, mill, and offer full engineering, design, and production of mass timber structures; Kalesnikoff Lumber and Nordic Structures both transitioned to mass timber out of their milling operations. Up to 2021, 550 projects had been completed, almost half were institutional and public projects (232), the others commercial (141) and recreational projects (66). Of these 85% were 1-2 storeys, and 10% 3-6 storeys. Only 23 residential projects had been completed with the majority in southern British Columbia.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIWXF7Vk6k86DT2r9MFQMRqA0teGpyDKv8gedKoszNntATXERzGkSNqs8SNSChakaEO_XnQ6sx6obsRo7Z1Tks6JzLyT_UY49iNmozF6QRnanxG6lTRbc0aCrcWqzboxWh4fkfzog89Tv8DjJFyol4DvtBM4R0grkHsxw_iwauXOdw8pkvYsfSdc2s3vE/s1158/Screenshot%202024-03-21%20at%204.15.43%E2%80%AFpm.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="1158" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIWXF7Vk6k86DT2r9MFQMRqA0teGpyDKv8gedKoszNntATXERzGkSNqs8SNSChakaEO_XnQ6sx6obsRo7Z1Tks6JzLyT_UY49iNmozF6QRnanxG6lTRbc0aCrcWqzboxWh4fkfzog89Tv8DjJFyol4DvtBM4R0grkHsxw_iwauXOdw8pkvYsfSdc2s3vE/w640-h256/Screenshot%202024-03-21%20at%204.15.43%E2%80%AFpm.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The report then looked at three types of prefabricated panels:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Open panels for standard Light Wood Frame construction with or without sheathing;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Closed panels with One Side Closed for standard light wood frame construction, with sheathing, exterior cladding, insulation, windows; and <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Both Sides Closed for standard light wood frame construction, with sheathing, exterior cladding, insulation, windows, electrical or conduit, plumbing, heating components and interior boarding. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The open panel sector was found to be low-tech but there were several semi-automated panelized companies employing more digitization and automation using 3D modelling, automated nailing machines and conveyors and framing tables. These are used in residential building with 74% of panelized systems used for multi-family and 23% used for single-family buildings. The adoption of closed panel systems are ‘still in their infancy’, with only two large companies employing full automation in construction closed panels and most of the companies ‘small and are low-tech operations utilizing framing tables and overhead cranes within warehouses.’ Leveraging their experience and technical expertise several European and Japanese companies have entered the market and become established producers of these panels.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">On modular building, the report found the residential modular market had varied between 10% and 15% of single-family residential starts in Canada, or 11,000 to 17,000 annual starts, and had approximately 30,000 full time jobs with $6bn in total economic activity (direct and indirect activity). The largest regions for demand are Quebec and the Prairies. There were an estimated 26 modular manufacturers, operating in approximately 50 locations that were typically low-tech with little automation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The commercial industry is divided relocatable buildings and permanent modular construction (PMC) and includes industrial, hospitality, education, healthcare and multi-family buildings. It was estimated that there are 100,000 relocatable structures such as job site office trailers, classroom portables, and remote workforce accommodation in use. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Commercial PMC modular manufacturers in Canada build a variety of building types, mainly low-rise buildings under 6 stories using light wood frame volumetric construction. The main markets were portable classrooms for education and public sector multi-family buildings for affordable housing. The report noted ‘Over the past 20 years there have been many regional modular business failures, that have created pockets of reluctance from stakeholders and owners to try modular again after having seen their projects left unfinished or tied up in bankruptcy proceedings. A BC university recently completed two modular projects by two different manufacturers within a year only to see both companies unable to complete their warranty period due to bankruptcy.’ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The <i>State of Prefabrication in Canada</i> report found a low level of automation and little investment in new technology by industry. The barriers of standardisation, acceptance by clients, procurement methods, access to finance and insurance, and the lack of a skilled workforce were identified. The eight recommendations addressed those barriers. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Policy Measures<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The Government of Canada invested $5 million between 2013 and 2017 to support two demonstration projects under the Tall Wood Building Demonstration Initiative, which resulted in the construction of the world’s then tallest hybrid wood building at 18 storeys, the <a href="http://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/flipbooks/CS-BrockCommon-Study-23/" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">Brock Commons</span></a> Tallwood House at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and the <a href="http://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/flipbooks/Origine-Case-Study/#page=1" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">Origine</span></a> green condo project in Québec (pictured above). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The Green Construction through Wood (<a href="https://natural-resources.canada.ca/science-and-data/funding-partnerships/opportunities/forest-sector/green-construction-through-wood-gcwood-program/20046" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">GCWood</span></a>) program was started in 2017 as a </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4-year, $40mn program aimed at increasing the use of wood in construction projects and <span style="background: repeat white;">supporting Canada’s commitment to greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets under the Paris Agreement</span>.<span style="background: repeat white;"> As of March 2023, this had funded 4 tall wood building projects, 10 low-rise non-residential building projects, and 2 timber bridge projects. </span>GCWood also facilitated the revisions to the 2020 National Building Code of Canada to allow wood buildings up to 12 storeys. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Also at the federal level, the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) announced the Rapid Housing Initiative (<a href="https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/professionals/project-funding-and-mortgage-financing/funding-programs/all-funding-programs/rapid-housing/rapid-housing-updates" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">RHI</span></a>) in 2020 which funded affordable housing and required the use of prefabricated systems to complete a funded project within 12 months. The RHI started in 2020 with $1 billion in funding, a second round of funding had another $1.5bn for 2021-22 and the third round in 2022-23 added another $1.5bn, for a program total of $4bn that delivered 15,539 units/beds. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Several provinces have a Wood Charter that promotes the use of wood in construction. Québec mandated for wood use in public buildings in 2013, and updated their Wood Charter in 2017. The share of wood-framed non-residential buildings of 4 stories or less increased from 28% to 34% between 2016 and 2020, and there is now a <i><a href="https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/forets/documents/entreprises/PO_wood_construction_MRNF.pdf" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">Policy for the Use of Wood in Construction</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">.</span></a></i> Alberta also has a Wood Charter, and New Brunswick a Wood First policy for public buildings. Between 2017 and 2020 Ontario had a $4.8mn demonstration program. The provinces also have started setting up training programs for timber construction with an emphasis on digital skills, Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) and Building Information Modelling (BIM).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">British Columbia<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The province of British Columbia (B.C.) has a large forest products industry worth $15bn in 2022, with the sawmill share well over 50% and a growing share of engineered wood products of around 20. The 2022 review of the <i>Economic State of the British Columbia Forest Sector</i> is <a href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/forestry/forest-industry-economics/economic-state/2022_economic_state_of_the_bc_forest_sector.pdf" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">here</span></a>. As a result of the changes to the building code in 2009 and 2020 building code, over 90% of 1-6 storey new residential construction in B.C. is built in wood, a greater share than in any other jurisdiction in the world. In 2011 North America’s first CLT plant opened in B.C, and around 350 mass timber structures have since been built, more than <a href="https://www.naturallywood.com/wp-content/uploads/mass_timber_factsheet_naturallywood.pdf" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">half</span></a> of all mass timber buildings in Canada. There is now a local cluster of experienced designers and builders that work in both domestic and export markets for mass timber. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">An important policy for MMC in B.C. is the <a href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/supporting-innovation/bio-economy/wood-first-initiative" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">Wood First</span></a> program, which promotes innovation in manufacturing, building design and construction. The Forestry Innovation Investment (<a href="https://www.bcfii.ca/our-funding-programs/wood-first/" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">FII</span></a>) agency provides overall management and administration of the program and the focus areas of research, education, marketing and value-added capacity building. The FII 2023-2026 Strategic Plan is <a href="https://www.bcfii.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/FII-Wood-First-3-Year-Strategy_2023-2026.pdf" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">here</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Funding comes from the Ministry of Jobs, Economic Recovery and Innovation, but the activities of the Wood First program are delivered primarily by third-party organizations under a cost-sharing framework with contributions from industry. There is an annual call for proposals reviewed by an Advisory Committee, with a focus on sustainability, advanced wood technologies and building systems, and industrialization of construction through prefabrication using DfMA and BIM. As a result the FII has an extensive library of case studies and <a href="https://www.bcfii.ca/research-library/?research_cat=technical-construction" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">technical manuals,</span></a> the current recipients are listed <a href="https://www.bcfii.ca/current-wood-first-recipients/" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">here</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">There are two other programs that supported use of MMC. With the <a href="https://www.bchousing.org/projects-partners/Building-BC/RRH" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">Rapid Response to Homelessness</span></a>program B.C. invested $291mn between 2016 and 2021 to build over 2,000 modular housing units for people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness. And between 2020 and 2023 B.C.’s <a href="https://www.naturallywood.com/mass-timber-demonstration-program/#:~:text=Since%202020%2C%20the%20Province%20of,8%20research%20projects%20that%20demonstrate" style="color: #96607d;"><span style="color: black;">Mass Timber Demonstration Program</span></a> invested almost $11 million to help with costs associated with the design and construction of 20 building projects and 8 research projects that demonstrated emerging or new mass timber building systems and construction processes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ontario<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The Ontario government started the Accelerated Build Pilot Program in 2020 to address capacity issues in the province’s health and long-term care (LTC) system. Infrastructure Ontario (IO) collaborated with industry to develop an innovative program for rapid procurement and modular construction. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">IO’s first accelerated build projects were completed in 2022. The <a href="https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/what-we-do/projectssearch/lakeridge-gardens/" style="color: #96607d;" title="link to the project page"><span style="color: black;">Lakeridge Gardens</span></a> LTC home was completed in February 2022, after 13 months of construction. In September 2022, the <a href="https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/what-we-do/projectssearch/thunder-bay-correctional-centre/" style="color: #96607d;" title="link to the project page"><span style="color: black;">Thunder Bay Correctional Centre</span></a> and <a href="https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/what-we-do/projectssearch/kenora-jail/" style="color: #96607d;" title="link to the project page"><span style="color: black;">Kenora Jail</span></a> projects were completed. In May 2023, the <a href="https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/what-we-do/projectssearch/humber-Meadows-long-term-care-home/" style="color: #96607d;" title="link to the project page"><span style="color: black;">Humber Meadows</span></a> LTC was completed and in July 2023 <a href="https://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/what-we-do/projectssearch/Wellbrook-Place/" style="color: #96607d;" title="link to the project page"><span style="color: black;">Wellbrook Place</span></a> with two LTC homes was completed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">There is a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpw-diUGOPg" style="color: #96607d;" target="_blank" title="Watch Youtube video"><span style="color: black;">short documentary</span></a> from PCL Construction on the Lakeridge Gardens project and the innovation involved, and Bird Construction has a <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bird-construction_ourbestbuildyet-canadianconstruction-activity-6986370088329244672-AVb6?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop" style="color: #96607d;" target="_blank" title="link to the LinkedIn video"><span style="color: black;">short video</span></a> of the Kenora and Thunder Bay correctional facility modular build projects.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Canada has built some of the tallest mass timber buildings in the world and most residential buildings are wood framed. There are eight producers of CLT and Glulam, however they are mainly restricted to the local market and have not developed an export market in the US, where they compete with American and European producers. In 2020 only two companies were integrated operations that harvest and mill wood, and offer full engineering, design, and production of mass timber structures. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The growth in mass timber demand has been largely driven by sustainability initiatives and public policy for carbon reduction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Revisions to the building code since 2009 increased the use of wood framing and mass timber for both residential and non-residential building, with its use now required for many publicly funded projects. There is a significant wood truss industry across the country, and light wood framing is used for most residential construction, but the industry is based on traditional trades and not highly automated, with a few exceptions. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The public sector programs by both national and province governments to use prefabricated buildings for housing and education have been important on the demand side, but much of has been low tech panelized construction or simple standardized modular buildings on the supply side. Several European and Japanese companies have entered the market and become established producers of closed panels, based on their experience and technical expertise. There is a well-established residential modular building industry for both relocatable and permanent buildings, but the cyclical nature of construction has led to the failure of many modular building companies, and this has affected private sector commercial and industrial demand.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Canada could be a classic example of aligning industry development with competitive advantage. With the natural endowments of climate and space a large and established forest products industry has developed, which exports timber to the US and Asia, and this could have been used to develop an advanced prefabricated building industry based on wood construction, creating a comparative advantage based on R&D and technical expertise. However, on the evidence available this has so far not happened. There have been demonstration projects and provinces have Wood First policies for public buildings, but prefabrication and MMC is not established as an alternative to traditional construction. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> </span></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-55255720314089880892024-03-01T12:12:00.011+11:002024-03-01T12:27:57.232+11:00UK MMC and Manufactured Housing Failures<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">How not to promote Modern Methods of Construction </span></span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMbbwN7eLcR5-1m3ILU6Ka-HdKZEEipvTdAHgSkQNbypmzeppnbczEvW91dc3BwUUVmytPq2x5o0Df63iHqCQm3cBH6sGIOsQHzxRhoIKpjL7OoyfnYgfG6AbW6vnBcZwUfuzIBVsIl9XUEPZX1aX-9-8VGjih1lN_gWfVwOx6baMKZwEgwSas9XHPIuo/s730/L&G.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="730" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMbbwN7eLcR5-1m3ILU6Ka-HdKZEEipvTdAHgSkQNbypmzeppnbczEvW91dc3BwUUVmytPq2x5o0Df63iHqCQm3cBH6sGIOsQHzxRhoIKpjL7OoyfnYgfG6AbW6vnBcZwUfuzIBVsIl9XUEPZX1aX-9-8VGjih1lN_gWfVwOx6baMKZwEgwSas9XHPIuo/w640-h360/L&G.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In Australia, Canada, the UK and parts of the US there are problems associated with low levels of new house construction, high prices, rising rents and decreasing affordability. Although modern methods of construction (MMC) cannot solve these problems on its own, it could make a significant contribution if restrictions on its use were relaxed, and governments developed effective policies to expand the market and promote its use. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The UK Government has been a leading producer of <a href="https://gerard-de-valence.blogspot.com/2021/09/industry-policy-and-uk-construction.html">industry policies</a> for construction since the 2011 launch of the construction industry strategy, with an updated version following in 2016. Some parts of the strategy have been successful, developing the BIM Framework and BS 19650 standards and increasing the use of BIM with a public sector mandate (discussed in a previous post <a href="https://gerard-de-valence.blogspot.com/2021/10/bim-mandates-and-construction-industry.html">here</a>) in particular. Also, between 2019 and 2022 the<span style="background: repeat white;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.ukri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/IUK-160222-ISCFTransformingConstructionChallengeProgressAchievements.pdf" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Transforming Construction Challenge</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> completed 68 projects.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">In contrast, the UK policy to promote manufactured affordable housing has been a notable failure. Over 2022-23 MMC companies that collapsed were Ilke, House by Urban Splash and Modulous, and L&G closed its housing factory (in image above). In late 2023 the UK House of Lords Built Environment Committee started an inquiry into manufactured housing, and this post is based on the report from the inquiry and transcripts of evidence given. The report (in the form of a letter to the Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities) provides some insight into an agency that has not published any data on the twin policy objectives of increased supply of affordable housing and increased use of MMC. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><i>Background</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In 2017 the Government committed to increased housing supply using MMC by supporting the growth of the industry. MMC describes a wide range of non-traditional building systems and in the UK is divided into seven </span><a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cast_-_mmc_-_december_2020.pdf" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">categories</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, from completely built offsite (Category 1) to completely built onsite with some automation (Categories 6 and 7). The policy to promote MMC was supported by the </span><a href="https://constructioninnovationhub.org.uk/" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Construction Innovation Hub</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and the <span style="background: repeat white;">Advanced Industrialised Methods for the Construction of Homes (</span></span><a href="https://www.aimch.co.uk/about/vision" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">AIMCH</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">) project, which both <span class="apple-converted-space">ran for three years over 2020-22 </span>funded by UK Research and Innovation through the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The agency responsible for increasing use of MMC was Homes England, established in 2018 to fund new affordable housing (replacing the Homes and Communities Agency set up in 2008). The </span><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/homes-england-strategic-plan-201819-to-202223/homes-england-strategic-plan-2018-to-2023" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Strategic Plan 2018-23</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> described Homes England as ‘<span style="background: repeat white;">a new non-departmental public body, sponsored by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government … to accelerate the delivery of housing across England, except in London’ and explained ‘</span>Our mission is to intervene in the market to ensure more homes are built in areas of greatest need, to improve affordability. We’ll make this sustainable by creating a more resilient and diverse housing market.’ There were six objectives in the Strategic Plan, the third of which was to improve construction productivity by supporting MMC:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">We must embrace change to improve productivity and reduce the impact of the declining workforce.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">has the potential to be significantly more productive than traditional methods of construction and greatly increase the pace of delivery. It can also improve the quality of construction, address labour and materials shortages and deliver a number of additional benefits such as improved energy efficiency and health and safety. As a result, developers are already introducing</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC. However, the</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC industry is currently immature with limited production capacity and supply chains. It requires stimulus if it is to evolve further.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">We will support the uptake and development of</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">through a range of interventions. We’ll incorporate</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">into our building lease disposals to demonstrate a range of</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">products by supporting pilot projects on Homes England land. We’ll also encourage partners to use</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">through our provision of development finance to developers. Our Local Authority Accelerated Construction programme will also encourage more widespread use of</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">to help increase the speed of construction and build out.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><i>Inquiry Report</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">After the collapse and closure of the two major Category 1 MMC businesses, Ilke Homes and House by Urban Splash, in late 2023 the UK House of Lords Built Environment Committee started an inquiry into MMC in housing ‘to explore the potential reasons for these failures, especially considering the support provided by the Government to the industry.’ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">The inquiry made some pointed observations. Homes England could not provide data on the extent of MMC across its portfolio, despite that being its measure of success, and has not developed an evidence base or published research on MMC as promised. An MMC Taskforce, which was expected to work on data and standards, has never met.<b> </b>Some key points from the report were:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">‘we have been told … Category 1 housing is, or could be, more expensive than homes built using traditional construction methods … we heard that MMC homes are cheaper. These two statements cannot both be true’ (p. 3).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">‘We have limited confidence that a coherent plan to encourage the use of MMC is in place and, owing to the absence of its publication, have found it challenging to scrutinise the Governments activity and spending’ (p. 4) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">‘It remains unclear both how Homes England is assuring itself that Affordable Homes Programme (AHP) providers in receipt of grant are meeting the pre-manufactured value (PMV) requirements and when this data will be published’ (p. 7). PMV measures how much of a project’s gross construction cost is derived from pre-manufacturing with all seven MMC categories contributing to a higher PMV. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">‘The current approach taken through the AHP does not stipulate the use of Category 1 and 2 MMC. The requirement for 55 per cent of the PMV of the home to be MMC allows many housing associations to use MMC from Categories 3 to 7 … the majority of MMC delivery has a low pre-manufactured value’ (p. 8)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">‘We were particularly disappointed by the attitude of insurance providers and the warranty providers towards MMC. The extensive time periods it can take to obtain warranties and the reticence of insurance providers to accept compliance with building regulations as sufficient is having a detrimental impact on the delivery of MMC homes’ (p. 13).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">'Homes England made significant investments from the £4.5 billion 2015 Home Building Fund which directly supported Ilke Homes (£60mn) and House by Urban Splash (debt facility of £26.9mn and equity of £3.1mn). Homes England expects limited recovery of its investment into Ilke Homes and full recovery of its loan to House by Urban Splash, though not the equity’ … 'it is still unclear why Homes England chose these two companies and what its selection criteria and objectives were’ (p. 15).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">‘It is also unclear why the Government is not allowing experienced international MMC companies to apply for procurement processes and stipulations. Volumetric MMC housing is<b> </b>successfully delivered in other countries. The Government should ensure that its procurement practices do not limit the ability of successful MMC companies from around the world in moving into the UK market’ (p. 16).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">‘we came away from our inquiry with the impression that the Government had too easily accepted that undirected and nonstrategic investment of public money was the obvious way of providing this assistance. We say that because the Government has not set out clear objectives for the investments and funding it provided. Nor did Homes England give us any clear metrics as to how success (however defined) was to be measured and over what timescale’ (p. 18).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">The report also pointed out that ‘MMC has been commercially successful in other sectors and blocks of flats, as illustrated by build to rent and student housing’ (p. 3). In </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/13843/html/" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black;">evidence</span></a></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> given by industry to the inquiry affordable housing is not a viable market segment for MMC because traditional methods are cheaper in some parts of the country and volume manufacturing requires an sustained high level of demand, so for the failed companies the ‘level of investment expended relative to the demand was the fundamental flaw’. Examples given of successful MMC projects in the UK were medium and high-rise buildings, hospitals, prisons, detention centres and defence housing. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Gill Sans MT", sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><i>Conclusion</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">What does this tell us about Homes England’s MMC policy and implementation? There are a few basic principles for industry policy. The first is to be technology agnostic, meaning the funding should be allocated on the basis of meeting the policy objectives, not on the basis of a preferred technological solution. In this case there was no good reason to prefer Category I MMC builders over Categories 2 – 5, and there was no evidence that the final cost of Category I volumetric buildings were cheaper that alternative MMC builds. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The second basic principle is to avoid picking winners. If funding is to be provided it should be available to any firm that can meet the criteria set and policy objectives. Making equity investments in firms, as Homes England did, is not appropriate and has a long history of failure. Typically, industry policy funding is through either credit support or incentives, rarely a combination of both, as many </span><a href="https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/the_new_economics_of_ip_080123.pdf?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" style="color: #96607d;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">studies</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> of policies in different countries for specific industries have shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Finally, industry policy funding will be most effective when used to stimulate demand. Homes England contracted a total of £137mn to local authorities to deliver 9,969 homes using MMC in Categories 1 to 5, although the inquiry was unable to establish how many had been delivered. The Affordable Homes Programme made funding available to housing associations using MMC through strategic partnerships, long-term deals under which partners must build at least 1,500 homes and deliver 25 per cent of those homes using MMC. However, the inquiry found the majority of AHP houses had a low PMV with a lot due to Categories 6 and 7. Here the objective of increasing offsite manufacturing was undermined by accepting onsite work as MMC. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">UK manufactured housing provides a good example of how not to do industry policy for construction. The ‘undirected and nonstrategic investment of public money’ was both wasteful and probably ineffective (given the lack of data on outcomes). Homes England did not develop standards or provide data that would have encouraged insurance and warranty providers to support MMC, and excluded international firms with experience with MMC from entering the market that could ‘help improve the maturity of the market, and provide the data and evidence called for by warranty and insurance providers’. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The concluding paragraph of the inquiry’s report pointed to the complex interplay of factors involved in unblocking supply of housing in general and increased use of MMC in particular:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">It is possible that real barriers exist in the form of resistance by planning officers and undue risk aversion on the part of warranty providers, insurance companies and banks. Our short inquiry did not establish clear evidence to make that case, but we believe the Government should look more carefully at how these parts of the housebuilding ecology are working, as well as taking a greater interest in overseas examples of success with modular construction. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">This situation is not unique to the UK. Australia, Canada and parts of the US all have similar problems associated with low levels of new house construction, high prices, rising rents and decreasing affordability. Although MMC cannot solve these problems on its own, it could make a significant contribution if restrictions on its use were relaxed. Demonstration sites where examples of modular building are on show could be established. Some publicly owned sites could be recycled and reserved for modular buildings to create a market. An independent agency could collect data on costs and performance. Lending and valuation guidelines could incorporate energy savings from modular buildings. Local governments could be given incentives for allowing new modular buildings and/or extensions to existing houses. Social housing could be required to use MMC. A levy on embodied carbon in building materials would favour modular building, which typically has less waste and lower use of cement and concrete. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">MMC is not only Category 1 3D buildings. It includes panellised and structural systems, pre-assembled floor and wall cassettes, kitchen and bathroom pods, and manufactured components such as facades and windows. Many of these are already widely used outside residential construction, and given the opportunity can be used to increase the supply of new housing that is so urgently needed in many places. The focus in the UK on failures of manufacturers of single houses has obscured the success of MMC in medium and high-rise residential buildings and for a wide range of commercial and institutional buildings. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Note. Homes England lost another £9mn invested in Stewart Milne, a house builder that failed in January. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> See also </span><a href="https://gerard-de-valence.blogspot.com/2022/09/comparisons-of-construction-to.html">https://gerard-de-valence.blogspot.com/2022/09/comparisons-of-construction-to.html</a> </p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-68928162384366058532024-02-18T08:39:00.000+11:002024-02-18T08:39:03.673+11:00Construction Innovation: Venture Capital and Contech Funding<p>What do we know given definition and measurement Issues?</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93SEVAhtVRKIZFe3PT7cDxCyyiCF902BgkB1oQ9J1fQTeGv1Xe-tTvNOVZs9V-OaL5JIL2U5hd3IWJlqjvmUaR5YcSRr1gm9WxZk_O_mKYPZ84LXzDSk7rrL_0vndIkru9MQv0t99MSm8Qo0qoCvzK9f3Xsp9aG-IqOyv2gFplYG8abVxWutfTjyr6FA/s4289/F6%20Construction%20of%20BE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2400" data-original-width="4289" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93SEVAhtVRKIZFe3PT7cDxCyyiCF902BgkB1oQ9J1fQTeGv1Xe-tTvNOVZs9V-OaL5JIL2U5hd3IWJlqjvmUaR5YcSRr1gm9WxZk_O_mKYPZ84LXzDSk7rrL_0vndIkru9MQv0t99MSm8Qo0qoCvzK9f3Xsp9aG-IqOyv2gFplYG8abVxWutfTjyr6FA/w640-h358/F6%20Construction%20of%20BE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Construction is often seen as a low R&D industry, with a low expenditure on R&D to revenue ratio compared to other industries. While that may be true for the many small and medium sized firms that make up the majority of the industry, many of the large firms do invest in R&D. A 2023 <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/private-equity-and-principal-investors/our-insights/from-start-up-to-scale-up-accelerating-growth-in-construction-technology" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">McKinse</a>y report on construction technology (Contech) that ‘includes design software, robotics, and tools for the planning, scheduling, budgeting, and performance management of projects’ found USD$50 billion had been invested between 2020 and 2022. Their estimate based on Pitchbook data includes incumbents as well as startups and new entrants.</p><p>Incumbents like Project Frog (US), Balfour Beatty (UK) and Mirvac (Australia) have developed platforms, and there are many established offsite manufacturing and modular building Firms. There are partnerships between Trimble and Microsoft and Laing O’Rourke and Lenovo. Other examples are Autodesk’s recent integration of design and manufacturing systems, Skanska embedding wireless sensors in buildings, Holcim’s green cement, ARUP’s data collection systems, remote-controlled excavators from Caterpillar and Komatsu, the Hilti Jaibot, and software from OracleAconex and Procore. There are many more.</p><p>As those examples show, contractors are not the only firms doing R&D, so estimates for the industry are unreliable. R&D by professional service firms, and the construction materials, component and equipment manufacturing industries will not be included, although they have been responsible for many technical advances and the introduction of new products and equipment, such as drywall, plastic pipes, excavators, cranes, facades and lifts. This is a well-known problem when measuring construction R&D, and is a result of the industry classification system used by national statistical agencies.</p><p>This measurement problem is becoming more acute because, for the construction industry, a cycle of innovation has begun with new entrants attracting substantial R&D investment from outside the industry. Investment in construction R&D and innovation is now coming from private equity and venture capital (VC) funds such as Fifth Wall, Brick & Mortar, WND Ventures, Ironspring, Building Ventures, Dynamo, Foundamental and Australia’s Taronga Ventures. </p><p>How much of the expenditure on R&D by incumbents is likely to be included in VC funding estimates? Although this expenditure should be taken into account for overall industry investment in Contech, many incumbents do not participate in VC. In fact, it is hard if not impossible to get a good estimate of Contech investment because it includes so many different areas associated in some way with the built environment, such as property and real estate, transport, energy and waste management, materials manufacturing and so on. Then there are areas associated with decarbonisation, such as measuring embodied carbon, the energy transition, retrofitting buildings etc. How to draw a boundary around such diverse topics is a major issue.</p><p>The table below demonstrates the extent of the measurement problem. It collects the latest estimates and total investment from the three sources reviewed in this post for the different time periods they cover, plus the 2023 McKinsey report that was not restricted to VC funding. There are a few key points to note. First, there are similar trends in their data with considerable variation but, second, wide differences are seen in the yearly figures, and third, the totals indicate significant cumulative investment.</p><p>Comparing the Foundamental ($25.4bn) and Kabri ($22.4bn) data for the same time period of 2017 to 2022 as McKinsey ($77bn), there may be something like a 60/40 split between VC and incumbent funding of Contech. That can only be a guesstimate because of the different sources used and the severe definitional and boundary issues around what is and is not included in these estimates of Contech.</p><p><br /></p><p>Table 1. Estimates of Contech VC funding by year and totals USD$billion</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHmWCIF169AmhA1Upxnh5IlQ_Qr7SGBg2ImHYIVEGJ1Gssnogk41JAknRKi3DJXMC_XL9FKzstQ7Tup-DkzKwaMsApV0atp-NEB_z6BYnWtGzyTinB2hEEWwvMQ-PYkVATlQ8rKeu-OhRNUxsFmdJJL4eLS9iCoW5m2i6ZKewyXN2PNLpuRJkNMJ4L-s0/s515/Screenshot%202024-02-17%20at%208.46.03%E2%80%AFpm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="161" data-original-width="515" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHmWCIF169AmhA1Upxnh5IlQ_Qr7SGBg2ImHYIVEGJ1Gssnogk41JAknRKi3DJXMC_XL9FKzstQ7Tup-DkzKwaMsApV0atp-NEB_z6BYnWtGzyTinB2hEEWwvMQ-PYkVATlQ8rKeu-OhRNUxsFmdJJL4eLS9iCoW5m2i6ZKewyXN2PNLpuRJkNMJ4L-s0/w640-h200/Screenshot%202024-02-17%20at%208.46.03%E2%80%AFpm.png" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">This significant level of VC investment is a new development, before 2017 there was little interest in construction innovation from investors. Then a Californian start-up called Katerra reached a USD$1 billion valuation in 2017 followed by a $865mn investment in 2018 from Softbank. The company’s goal was complete vertical integration of design and construction, building factories to manufacturing cross laminated timber panels and then delivering and assembling the building onsite. Over five years Katerra went through four different business models as they sought to achieve sufficient scale to keep their factories busy, but in June 2021 filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and the factories were sold. The Katerra story was covered in a previous post <a href="https://gerarddevalence.substack.com/p/industrialized-building-and-failure-ofhtml" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>. </p><p>Despite the failure of Katerra, and many other firms attempting to make the economics of manufactured housing work, there has been a rapid increase in VC investment in Contech since 2018. Venture capital funding is a significant metric because investment in startups is a proxy for innovation, and the development of IP and other forms of intangible capital. This post looks at three recent reports on VC investment in Contech.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><strong>Cemex Ventures Top 50</strong></p><p>In January Cemex Ventures released their <a href="https://www.cemexventures.com/top-50/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Top 50 Contech Startups 2024,</em></a> the 5<sup>th</sup> edition of their Top 50 list. Cemex Ventures is the VC and innovation unit of Cemex, a global supplier of building materials. The 2019, 2020 and 2021 reports were only lists of companies, but the 2022 and 2023 reports have VC totals and other details like deal size and numbers. The source of their data is the <a href="https://tracxn.com/d/sectors/real-estate-and-construction-tech/__WHlB-DifMOdwCpIl1qsZn2W1z-gME88YTA3XqZ9ne5U/companies" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Traxn</a> VC database.</p><p>Their estimate for 2023 is USD$3.03bn, compared to $5.38bn in 2022, significantly higher than the Foundamental estimates below, particularly for 2023, no doubt due to differences in their data sets. Cemex found half (49.5%) was in initial seed rounds for early stage startups, and 23.3% was for Series A funding rounds for more mature companies. In 2023 nearly 90% of funding went to the US (44%) Canada (11%) and Europe (32%, including the UK with almost 10%).</p><p>Cemex Ventures divided funding into four ‘focus areas’:</p><ol><li><p>Green Construction: Processes, products and services that offset negative environmental impacts raised $1.06bn.</p></li><li><p>Enhanced Productivity: Digital solutions aimed to increase efficiency through technical, data-driven solutions got $701mn.</p></li><li><p>Future of Construction: AI, robotics and industrialized construction like 3D printing, BIM and autonomous equipment raised $690mn.</p></li><li><p>Construction Supply Chain: Technologies that secure or track materials and fleets, manage builders’ inventories and material marketplaces got $584mn.</p><p><br /></p><p></p></li></ol><p>Figure 1. Four focus area</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm8k-iTe_C9Ue91ApifH0WVikWhiFBtTPfyqwcKldINzLPytEqZ9gbe_1kKtrm1DOiRQp5MVmaeSvEN3txSPyThSZmf5rFTvJV2kpJpNy74lLA2qwZo8PyB7ci_hjRHT6pjXpSa7-EFgAQ0wBsQqyI1glasH0fUii6L99mQKIwyUPaFM7JPHQsjDZ6bSY/s451/Fig%201.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="451" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm8k-iTe_C9Ue91ApifH0WVikWhiFBtTPfyqwcKldINzLPytEqZ9gbe_1kKtrm1DOiRQp5MVmaeSvEN3txSPyThSZmf5rFTvJV2kpJpNy74lLA2qwZo8PyB7ci_hjRHT6pjXpSa7-EFgAQ0wBsQqyI1glasH0fUii6L99mQKIwyUPaFM7JPHQsjDZ6bSY/w640-h282/Fig%201.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">There is also 2023 data on a number of specific ‘topics’, which are more specific areas of interest.</p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><br /></p><p>Figure 2. Specific Contech topics</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg58lBSuWwpxv8Md9OKuCPuDZj4ejQHZ3Pz6lb3ejVZOiCITZ4UCsVRHYF2mCG9OoN1avV2XcAASuryddRYl30upXyUMzlrKanQvFkhqT2xDMPhOxRLOV3qPakLpP1OW_ic4cf5zXaMk-ZlkaRbWE_4ioUkEp4dJnbXb_lBeyB0MnD78oeuFPqTofxCPKo/s451/Fig%202.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="451" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg58lBSuWwpxv8Md9OKuCPuDZj4ejQHZ3Pz6lb3ejVZOiCITZ4UCsVRHYF2mCG9OoN1avV2XcAASuryddRYl30upXyUMzlrKanQvFkhqT2xDMPhOxRLOV3qPakLpP1OW_ic4cf5zXaMk-ZlkaRbWE_4ioUkEp4dJnbXb_lBeyB0MnD78oeuFPqTofxCPKo/w400-h243/Fig%202.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Where to draw the boundaries around the many and diverse areas of Contech, and how to define those areas, is an important issue because it should be possible to separate different topics or areas, for example Contech from Proptech and carbon accounting from energy efficiency. The Cemex Ventures division into four topics is a good place to start.</p><p></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Foundamental</strong></p><p>Another Contech VC estimate came from <a href="https://foundamental.com/aecvc/the-state-of-constru-tech-in-q4-2023/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Foundamental</a>, which found over USD$30bn was invested in Contech between 2014 and 2023. Their estimate for 2021 was $8.7bn, followed by $4.9bn in 2022, falling to $1.3bn in 2023. Figure 3 shows their data, where they have separated funding for Katerra.</p><p><br /></p><p>Figure 3. Construction technology funding</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4XteQAe1pup-vVYyofOkjWuZDdGSfLspTmdeli-ucDtOzLUm-VE8cBDVAcVfyu0HCzSXoBRD1ZkPirSp2-Vjx7LUDThwXy2aqiqCHqkF5CE0zVddMRa8Sk01PU24zRKzRGrfdHBqdNP81-GyVdUAOeU-kca3yTltDAjgYJiE4qca1VgUHEH8iO7dd2FU/s1663/Fig%203.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="1663" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4XteQAe1pup-vVYyofOkjWuZDdGSfLspTmdeli-ucDtOzLUm-VE8cBDVAcVfyu0HCzSXoBRD1ZkPirSp2-Vjx7LUDThwXy2aqiqCHqkF5CE0zVddMRa8Sk01PU24zRKzRGrfdHBqdNP81-GyVdUAOeU-kca3yTltDAjgYJiE4qca1VgUHEH8iO7dd2FU/w640-h386/Fig%203.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vQV5uj6oJak587CQCeBd3yHTJ96kFTPWbjweyUGJ5ggWX_KNMqCx13nmGQCj0h0tsm_oHvL6tTnt7Qi/pubhtml" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Source</a><p></p><p><br /></p><p>The database Foundamental used is from <a href="https://thewallhack.com/about" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Wallhack</a>, an open source provider of VC investment in AEC-Tech and ConTech. They provide this explanation:</p><blockquote><p>AEC-Tech contains pure Construction-Tech, but includes more. It is about fixing the building-world. In our definition, besides <strong>construction</strong>-tech, AEC-Tech also contains <strong>design</strong> solutions that also help architects and engineers, <strong>supply chain</strong> solutions that fix problems in the building world, solutions that help with the <strong>retrofitting</strong> of buildings and infrastructure, and fixes for <strong>skilled labor/blue-collar</strong> work and installers. It does NOT, however, include building operation, which would often be called Prop-Tech.</p></blockquote><p>There are over 700 companies in the dataset, many of which have less than 10% of their portfolios invested in AEC-Tech. A group of ‘building world specialists’ can be selected. How these ‘building world specialists’ are differentiated from the broader AEC-Tech investors is not clear. This list has 81 companies, with the percentage of their portfolios invested in AEC-Tech ranging between 30% and 100%. Total investment in this group of companies is USD$42.4bn.</p><p>The start-ups included in these estimates of VC funding are by definition technology leaders, pushing at the technological frontier through experimentation and development. Frontier firms bring with them radical new production technologies. While these firms are new entrants, some incumbents are also on the frontier. Cemex is not the only incumbent investing in Contech VC, the Wallhack list also includes Bentley, Trimble, Autodesk, CRH and Suffolk among others. There are others not included, like Vinci with their <a href="https://leonard.vinci.com/en/all-aboard-the-contech-revolution/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Leonard</a> fund.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><strong>Kabri Construction Research</strong></p><p>Research by Kabri Construction Research referenced <a href="https://www.construction-physics.com/p/a-brief-history-of-construction-startups" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">here</a> used publicly available information and they note, as a result, it will underestimate both the number of startups and the amount raised. Kabri found 300 construction startups up to 2022. Their estimate for 2022 is USD$8.9bn, and for 2021 was $5.5bn.</p><p><br /></p><p>Figure 4. Contech funding</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C6LVnB_WFY_nrckcJiUTLb_Al9h0ca_n4kHouanVOXeSd-JgScVXJscmG5ekCxqlZKz0lCxoEpNVJnZBTpcsrxAN75EPP6QqT5R3f7HsrLVRnmwUfEXqk2V2m9ybu9aP5VeGzcgxZ1hXUWX6b-9eskeBt7A7oO0d9HB9nuqYZuqIqcvw1SNunqtMD5o/s451/Fig%204.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="451" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C6LVnB_WFY_nrckcJiUTLb_Al9h0ca_n4kHouanVOXeSd-JgScVXJscmG5ekCxqlZKz0lCxoEpNVJnZBTpcsrxAN75EPP6QqT5R3f7HsrLVRnmwUfEXqk2V2m9ybu9aP5VeGzcgxZ1hXUWX6b-9eskeBt7A7oO0d9HB9nuqYZuqIqcvw1SNunqtMD5o/w640-h381/Fig%204.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><br /></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Kabri divided the startups into 13 categories, explained as:</p><ol><li><p>Builders/Developers - Startups that are tackling the entire process of constructing a building, either as a builder or as a builder+developer. Many of these startups use prefabricated or modular construction to try to improve the process. Others such as Homebound, are focusing on improving the building experience with software. These startups are almost uniformly devoted towards residential construction. E<em>xamples: </em><a href="https://www.veev.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Veev</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://blokable.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Blokable</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://prescientco.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Prescient</em></a></p></li><li><p>Building Materials - Startups trying to develop new types of building materials. This includes things like low-carbon concrete, drywall alternatives, and smart glass. This category also includes what we might call ‘low level components’ - things that we might consider ‘simple parts’ rather than raw materials, such as <a href="https://www.bamcore.com/how-it-works/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">BAMCore</a>. E<em>xamples: </em><a href="https://view.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>View</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://carbicrete.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Carbicrete</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.electrasteel.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Electrasteel</em></a></p></li><li><p>ADUs/Office Pods - Companies trying to sell small backyard homes or office units. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://buildcover.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Cover</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://abodu.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Adobu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.boxabl.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Boxabl</em></a></p></li><li><p>Energy Use and Management - Startups aimed at improving building energy use. This includes companies like BlocPower (finances and install energy efficiency upgrades), as well as companies like BrainBox AI (which makes software to try to optimize HVAC use.) It also includes startups like Intellihot, which make more efficient water heaters. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://redaptive.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Redaptive</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://dandelionenergy.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Dandelion Energy</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.domatic.io/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Domatic</em></a></p></li><li><p>Marketplaces - Startups trying to connect the large number of buyers, sellers, and transaction parties that exist in the hugely fragmented construction industry. These range from workforce sourcing companies like Workrise, to construction equipment marketplaces like EquipmentShare, to companies that help homeowners find renovation contractors like Sweeten. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://amast.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Amast</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.buildzoom.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>BuildZoom</em></a></p></li><li><p>Distribution and Logistics - Startups trying to tackle the problem of getting building materials to the jobsite. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://renorun.com/en" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>RenoRun</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://soytul.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Tul</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://infra.market/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Infra.Market</em></a></p></li><li><p>Construction Management Software - Startups that make software for jobsite coordination, progress tracking, task and document management, and other similar tasks. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://www.procore.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Procore</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.fieldwire.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Fieldwire</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.redteam.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>RedTeam</em></a></p></li><li><p>Robotics - Startups trying to find ways to introduce robots onto the jobsite, or in other parts of the construction value chain. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://www.dustyrobotics.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Dusty</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.canvas.build/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Canvas</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.toggle.is/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Toggle</em></a></p></li><li><p>3D Printing - Companies trying to use scaled-up 3D printing technology to fabricate entire buildings or building components. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://www.iconbuild.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Icon</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://mightybuildings.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Mighty Buildings</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://branchtechnology.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Branch Technology</em></a></p></li><li><p>Fintech - Companies trying to improve the financial plumbing that the construction process uses. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://getbuilt.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Built Technologies</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://rigor.build/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Rigor.build</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.levelset.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Levelset</em></a></p></li><li><p>Datacapture and Digital Twins - Companies using some combination of drones, 360 degree cameras, hardhat mounted cameras, and other sensors to record and analyze jobsite data and track construction progress. Often utilize computer vision and machine learning techniques to process this data. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://www.openspace.ai/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>OpenSpace.AI</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.doxel.ai/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Doxel.AI</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.versatile.ai/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Versatile</em></a></p></li><li><p>Renovation/Repair/Maintenance - Companies trying to improve the process of maintaining a building. These range from software companies who offer maintenance subscriptions, to products that can monitor and report water usage and leaks, to companies that make bathroom renovation easier. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://www.humminghomes.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Humming Homes</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.blockrenovation.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Block Renovation</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.maderenovation.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Made Renovation</em></a></p></li><li><p>Other<strong> </strong>- Everything else that doesn’t fit into one of the above categories. This includes AR/VR startups, companies that make AEC design tools, companies that make software to streamline one particular workflow (what we might call “excel replacements”), construction insurance companies, and anything else that doesn’t fit into one of the above. <em>Examples: </em><a href="https://up.codes/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>UpCodes</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.toric.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Toric</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://withshepherd.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><em>Shepherd</em></a></p></li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Table 2. Funding by category</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHWTK6-GOA4xXJOfxGxoy_VFhpW24IWle_0W_Fi6PgE926iYvzEouEpVQq9v6a2bEahndYDHnMuEXimy1mBlFMnup8-7osRIn2uO3USajjtCinuIqY8fUQBgGnIRYmueonbPp7qLQGXm60bzY_pFmIdYF42bF-h9yAAzbLr4XNJJRLtEphCj8kMfHdtF8/s382/Table%202.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="382" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHWTK6-GOA4xXJOfxGxoy_VFhpW24IWle_0W_Fi6PgE926iYvzEouEpVQq9v6a2bEahndYDHnMuEXimy1mBlFMnup8-7osRIn2uO3USajjtCinuIqY8fUQBgGnIRYmueonbPp7qLQGXm60bzY_pFmIdYF42bF-h9yAAzbLr4XNJJRLtEphCj8kMfHdtF8/w400-h318/Table%202.png" width="400" /></a></div><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><br /></p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">The post on Kabri concluded with some important points. First, ‘many, perhaps most, innovative building products don’t seem to come out of startups – they’re either small-scale developments from companies that don’t obtain VC … products from large, established suppliers … or from academia’. Second, a few companies have taken the bulk of investment. The top three categories in Table 2 ‘account for more than 50% of construction startup funding. Within each category a single company (Equipmentshare, Katerra and View respectively) accounts for 50-60% of total funding’. Note that Katerra and View have both failed.</p><p data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><br /></p><p></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>Measurement problems are not a new issue in construction, productivity being the prime example. Even so, getting a clear picture of R&D and innovation investment in Contech is particularly challenging. Reports on VC funding come and go, covering different time periods and geographical areas, making comparisons difficult. The Cemex Ventures Top 50 reports for the last two years have annual total funding data included, and if they continue their reports that would be a set of consistent data. Foundamental may also keep their annual data updated, although they only have a grand total and do not have categories or topics.</p><p>As well as regular annual data some way of organising it is necessary. The Cemex four topics are probably too broad, while Kabri’s 13 may be too many. Somewhere in the middle would be a useful way of categorising the very diverse range of areas generally accepted as included in Contech. Kabri drew the boundary around things that could not be moved from a building, but included Building maintenance and management and Fintech companies. As Kabri note, including a startup in Contech is often a judgement call because their hardware or software can be used in other industries, drones are a good example.</p><p>The project delivery approach taken by Foundamental and McKinsey seems appropriate. This focuses on technology that in some way will (might) improve project creation and delivery, which is the traditional domain of the construction industry. It means property and real estate tech is excluded, but more controversially climate related tech too. That is an important omission because climate change is (IMO) the single biggest issue. However, given the number and variety of climate related tech startups this can be usefully considered a category of its own.</p><p>Many startups fail, and usually VC spreads its bets to manage the risk. Contech seems different, the bets are concentrated in construction or related built environment industries. Many funds in the databases used in the reports discussed here seem to be concentrated, with a small number of investments. Some of the biggest bets have already failed. Even Procore, seen as a Contech success story, is finding profitability hard to achieve Finally, there is a very large number of small Contech startups covering a wide range of topics. Unfortunately, numbers and diversity may not lead to success because fragmentation makes achieving scale more difficult, and consolidation only starts to happen when successful innovators emerge.</p><p><br /></p><p>Figure 5. Innovation and Industry Structure</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9NoApnU1Tl1uk0a7mE1K41gRwqiBG8c1i7lDyiBto3WP-8LPUXGrsy-rwYKNY42mdljLOHgaclXfSbw1IKZ6wnd3W68gKid4YSHJSV5wXkWLQhMC4lw2iw7-BsMNsd40dnJ5H1xyC2ToHYYud38vL2DBZmHFLeX1_S86d84ArDPJarRmtIaQ6N2SeWzY/s5876/F4%20Ind%20lifecycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2696" data-original-width="5876" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9NoApnU1Tl1uk0a7mE1K41gRwqiBG8c1i7lDyiBto3WP-8LPUXGrsy-rwYKNY42mdljLOHgaclXfSbw1IKZ6wnd3W68gKid4YSHJSV5wXkWLQhMC4lw2iw7-BsMNsd40dnJ5H1xyC2ToHYYud38vL2DBZmHFLeX1_S86d84ArDPJarRmtIaQ6N2SeWzY/w640-h294/F4%20Ind%20lifecycle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-21222390201871582442024-02-01T18:22:00.010+11:002024-02-10T10:54:53.730+11:00Review of Richard Langlois' The Corporation and the Twentieth Century<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"> <span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Langlois, R. 2023.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background: repeat white;">The Corporation and the Twentieth Century: The history of American business enterprise, </span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt;">Princeton University Press. </span></span></h3><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-wfAYm3I6js1oAC09IrceEtsyaIHbGtkZuPLS3Qcdj6fgQThRLEhQjc1MEb23ReT0FF0ZRvTQIl2OaQryHhdLrYmnE8wlOoni5dzpFR4CbmvXG9aYocVedbpzL3j9zoPqFaXow0kiB6NC0Ksk1jWHruvdNYiXnVGNVy7iiSlDSxxvLjemQc60GRVm-A/s672/Langlois.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="451" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-wfAYm3I6js1oAC09IrceEtsyaIHbGtkZuPLS3Qcdj6fgQThRLEhQjc1MEb23ReT0FF0ZRvTQIl2OaQryHhdLrYmnE8wlOoni5dzpFR4CbmvXG9aYocVedbpzL3j9zoPqFaXow0kiB6NC0Ksk1jWHruvdNYiXnVGNVy7iiSlDSxxvLjemQc60GRVm-A/s320/Langlois.jpg" width="215" /></a></div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">An exhaustive, detailed history of US business that continues Richard Langlois long-running dialogue with Alfred Chandler’s work on managerial capitalism. Ranging across all major C20 industries like railways, automobiles, aircraft, electrical appliances and computers, and loosely organised into periods of a couple of decades covering pre WW1, pre WW2, post WW2, stagflation and the final decades, each chapter looks at the political context, the development of key industries and the relevant technological innovations that drove the process: ‘It has been a central theme of the book that the large integrated corporation in the twentieth century owed its rise to prominence in significant part to the eclipse of the market and the growth of state power during the Depression and the World wars’ (p. 478). In the 1980s the wheel turned, market forces began to reassert themselves, new corporate structures emerged, and the boundaries of the firm shifted again. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">A focus of the book is the effects of regulation on industry. The early contest between Populists and Progressives that played out in anti-trust cases and Supreme Court decisions often led to regulations ‘misaligned’ with technology and market opportunity. In many cases consumer interest was secondary, with lower prices seen as evidence of anti-competitive behaviour as ‘American regulatory policy worked to segment markets, generally along lines of supply technology not market demand’ (p. 466). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">The institutional origins of regulators in key industries and their role in creating and maintaining cartels or oligopolies contradicts the view that the US favoured large corporations. In fact, the large, vertically integrated firm was an outcome of legal constraints on contracting that were intended to favour small businesses but had the opposite effect. Many regulated firms then underinvested in maintenance and innovation, leading to spectacular collapses like Penn State Railroad, Chrysler Corp and Pan Am, and the demise of other once great corporations like IT&T, RCA, Westinghouse and US Steel.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">The role of technological opportunity, R&D and innovation is emphasised, battles over patents and standards discussed, and how disruptive tech eventually overcame regulatory barriers in industries like transport (containerisation and air freight), radio (AM and FM) and TV (broadcast networks and cable). Disruption in computing (transistors and integrated circuits), manufacturing (consolidation and lean production) and the near death experiences of IBM, Apple and GE are detailed: ‘The most disruptive new entry has often come not in the form of a small start-up but a large firm in a related area’ (p. 549). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">Intellectual contests of ideas and the increasing use of economics in regulation get short, non-technical explanations. Important business leaders and given credit when due and their failures dissected. For those interested in regulation and the role of government agencies, business history, and the interplay of technology and industry, this is a great read. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-wfAYm3I6js1oAC09IrceEtsyaIHbGtkZuPLS3Qcdj6fgQThRLEhQjc1MEb23ReT0FF0ZRvTQIl2OaQryHhdLrYmnE8wlOoni5dzpFR4CbmvXG9aYocVedbpzL3j9zoPqFaXow0kiB6NC0Ksk1jWHruvdNYiXnVGNVy7iiSlDSxxvLjemQc60GRVm-A/s672/Langlois.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="451" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-wfAYm3I6js1oAC09IrceEtsyaIHbGtkZuPLS3Qcdj6fgQThRLEhQjc1MEb23ReT0FF0ZRvTQIl2OaQryHhdLrYmnE8wlOoni5dzpFR4CbmvXG9aYocVedbpzL3j9zoPqFaXow0kiB6NC0Ksk1jWHruvdNYiXnVGNVy7iiSlDSxxvLjemQc60GRVm-A/w269-h400/Langlois.jpg" width="269" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="authorname"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-34457911911248114552024-01-24T13:55:00.002+11:002024-01-24T14:01:42.153+11:00Catch 22: Construction Innovation and Procurement<p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKeYkJ865vUos3djuKl4XHYI4_bVCqD-9BSdUTtJ7jRUNLtPuS82tQkuGlvOBsjnGK22EX7A6azMLysAWmplVvCYoxcpOb8SR_mLPPPJzbY1ulCUrE4vdU_3DKllrzueG-YLG-KELOWlbZnGn1vyFMwAqAsQf0qaUtpwTnEapFoV6X203er0NdRMruiIM/s453/R&D.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="453" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKeYkJ865vUos3djuKl4XHYI4_bVCqD-9BSdUTtJ7jRUNLtPuS82tQkuGlvOBsjnGK22EX7A6azMLysAWmplVvCYoxcpOb8SR_mLPPPJzbY1ulCUrE4vdU_3DKllrzueG-YLG-KELOWlbZnGn1vyFMwAqAsQf0qaUtpwTnEapFoV6X203er0NdRMruiIM/w400-h255/R&D.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Source: <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/270233/percentage-of-global-rundd-spending-by-industry/" style="color: #954f72;">https://www.statista.com/statistics/270233/percentage-of-global-rundd-spending-by-industry/</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Construction is in a catch-22 situation, where neither industry incumbents nor its clients can rationally commit to significant, expensive investments in innovation for the vast majority of construction projects. Procurement has a significant effect on technological opportunity and innovation because the effects of appropriability of intellectual property (IP), substitutability between suppliers, and risks associated with innovation for clients are mutually reinforcing factors that have worked against innovation in construction. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The development of new technology and increasing productivity requires investment in R&D and IP. If firms cannot capture the benefits of innovation and IP for some reason, because of imitation, piracy or secure supply of materials for example, they will not invest in innovation. Because the traditional tender method does not allow capture of IP and knowledge externalities by contractors, there is a perverse disincentive to innovate. Tendering rules or codes have been developed to maintain the integrity of the bidding process, not to encourage innovation, and a successful tenderer’s scope to be innovative is limited. There is opportunity to maximise profits within the tender price by novel ways of organising work or driving down subcontract prices, but bidders are not asked to put forward design suggestions, there are no criteria for evaluation of novel proposals, and tenderers cannot be treated equally if one is preferred on an alternative tender, which is non-conforming in terms of the original invitation. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p align="left" class="CIBW92BodyText" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.333332px; margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The answer often proposed is that the best way to increase innovation lies in changing the methods and systems used to procure building and construction projects. If contractors can make novel proposals to owners, productivity can improve, and society benefits from innovation. With non-traditional procurement methods such as design and construct (D&C), build, own, operate (BOO) or build and maintain (B&M), this disincentive is reduced because contractors can appropriate benefits of innovation and R&D through improved performance. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">It may not be that simple. If all firms have access to the same technology, and compete through continual, but gradual, improvement, they are subject to a ‘ratchet effect’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. First i</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">dentified in the 1930s by sociologists studying workers subject to performance pay, they found workers choose to restrict their output because they rationally anticipate that employers will respond to higher output by raising output requirements by cutting piecework pay or worker incentives within firms. It was also </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">an unintended consequence </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">of Soviet planning. If a factory met or exceeded its planned target, the target for subsequent years was increased, thus reducing incentives and effort for the factory manager. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">In construction the ratchet effect can be seen in bidding for projects, where tenderers will typically not deviate far from a client’s expected cost for the project, and all tenderers have access to the same information. Because of the ratchet effect, a firm avoids revealing a significant cost advantage on one project that might jeopardise margins on future projects. Importantly, it allows for innovations that improve productivity and efficiency, that are neither disruptive nor expensive to contractors but will deliver a windfall gain if a project comes in well under budget, which will be hidden from the client and competitors as much as possible. This suggests that there will be cost-reducing innovations available to contractors if they decide to invest, but the pressure to find them will be affected by client demands, upfront costs, market conditions and a competitor’s likelihood of using them. [1]<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="left" class="CIBW92BodyText" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.333332px; margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Also, clients avoid risk associated with innovation on their projects and do not include it in their budgets. Clients can act as a significant barrier to innovation because they are concerned about both construction costs and operating costs, and do not think they individually will benefit significantly from a successful innovation. Further, clients carry a significant share of innovation risk and as a result </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">do not take on the risks of budget and time overruns or poor building performance, and other costs associated with innovation. This risk minimisation objective also applies to financiers and insurers of construction projects.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="CIBW92BodyText" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.333332px; margin: 3pt 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">While this argument might be generally true, exceptions prove the rule. An example is the Heathrow Terminal 5 (T5) project. This project demonstrates the effect a determined client with a clear strategy to encourage innovation in order to improve performance can have. In its role as the client BAA took on all the risk for the ₤4.3 billion project, under the unique T5 Agreement that the 60 first tier contractors signed. In total, 15,000 suppliers were involved. The overall project was divided into 147 sub-projects, with an integrated team led by BAA responsible for each one. Unlike the majority of megaprojects, T5 was delivered on time and on budget. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The key relevant point about T5 was that innovations were actively sought out and rewarded. These included product innovations in offsite fabrication such as the roof structure, technological innovations such as the tunnelling process and equipment, process innovations such as the two logistics centres and management innovations in the industrial relations, insurance provisions and supplier incentives built into the T5 Agreement. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The risk associated with large, complex projects can provide the motivation for clients to pursue and reward innovation by major contractors and suppliers, who on T5 demonstrated a capability for innovation that is left unused under traditional tendering and procurement methods. However, most construction projects are less complex, many are standardized and repetitive, and clients have no reason to support innovations that might marginally affect their project’s delivery or performance but increase the risk of cost overruns. Construction is in a catch-22 situation, where neither industry incumbents nor its clients can rationally commit to significant, expensive investments in innovation for the vast majority of construction projects. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The traditional procurement method does not allow capture of IP and knowledge externalities by tenderers. Therefore, many believe the best way to increase innovation lies in changing the methods and systems used to procure building and construction projects, but while there will be cost-reducing innovations available to contractors if they decide to invest, the pressure to find them will be affected by client demands, upfront costs, market conditions and a competitor’s likelihood of using them. As a result, innovation is difficult, though not absent. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">[1] <span lang="EN-GB">Given a variety of locations with different relative prices, there will be a best location for supply of the most productive factor. Therefore, firms can raise productivity by moving to a site with a larger supply and lower relative price of the most productive factor, so for any one location there will be a better technology in use somewhere else (but with different relative prices). However, firms face search and switching costs when looking for new technology, and sunk costs in adopting one. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-90841976975107539132023-12-19T15:21:00.008+11:002024-01-24T14:04:13.140+11:00How to Research the Construction Industry?<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Recent additions to the Construction Economics library</span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcrNbaMsgNHKKOQltRdzhl742RXh-pH4zk3SJI_6up508e5CssOnWur2DINuWuxmjOsEqxFeNGXNAQcXk1HlxUQHY2LSgjL8koJdAJpT4O7YlChN2PVQEuDXjvIDiKKMxPf2M7SXk9f4i66KcPo4U_tqQrC2xW13QvbaNVdDekBOprsMC2ALK23L0f518/s485/Covers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="335" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcrNbaMsgNHKKOQltRdzhl742RXh-pH4zk3SJI_6up508e5CssOnWur2DINuWuxmjOsEqxFeNGXNAQcXk1HlxUQHY2LSgjL8koJdAJpT4O7YlChN2PVQEuDXjvIDiKKMxPf2M7SXk9f4i66KcPo4U_tqQrC2xW13QvbaNVdDekBOprsMC2ALK23L0f518/w276-h400/Covers.jpg" width="276" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The construction industry is not like the typical industry found in economic textbooks, due to the physical nature of the product, the variability of demand, the method of price determination by auction, the contractual relationships between clients, contractors and suppliers. These characteristics require adjusting economic principles to adequately reflect the industry. Further, those four characteristics of construction vary between countries, as do the regulatory systems in different places. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">So, given this diversity of industry participants, products and process, how should research into the structure and performance of the construction industry and the management of firms and projects be done? Obviously, a variety of perspectives and a multi-disciplinary approach are required, and this is where Construction Economics (CE) contributes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CE is the application of economic principles to the construction industry. However, because of the distinctive characteristics of the organisation of construction processes, the structure of construction markets, and the management of construction firms, this is not a straightforward process. Therefore, CE <span class="wixui-rich-texttext"><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; padding: 0cm;">research uses a broad range of approaches to research the construction industry, its firms and projects. These include industrial organization and other management studies, financial and behavioural economics, econometric analysis and modelling, cost modelling, legal and institutional research, and transaction cost economics.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The library of CE research has been growing recently. The nine books below share an economic perspective that focuses on firms and industries rather than individual projects, which differentiates them from other books on specific topics like procurement, estimating, cost management, and life cycle costs, although all these topics are included in the CE books. This combining of economic theory and techniques with industry specific knowledge is a distinctive characteristic of CE research, and although most of the authors are academics, many of them have industry experience. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span class="wixui-rich-texttext"><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; padding: 0cm;">In these recent publications the range of topics covered include the roles of participants and processes, productivity and value for money, environmental performance and sustainability, the delivery process and procurement, the financing, viability and competitiveness of construction firms and projects, technological and institutional development, construction statistics and measurement, international construction, regulation, decarbonisation, and government policies affecting the industry. Across the books there are differences in emphasis, sometimes marked. </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">These books should become standard references for researchers and people working on policy issues related to construction and the built environment. They cover an extremely wide range of topics, many of which overlap related areas like business and project management, industry development and policy, innovation, sustainability and data quality. Some of the topics and issues discussed are extremely difficult to nail down, and there are a few general themes that weave through all the books. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As these books show, when researching construction a variety of perspectives are required, some of which come from outside the neoclassical model of firms and markets, such as institutional or development economics. Therefore, CE has developed a distinctive research agenda on the production, delivery and management of the built environment in a wide range of conditions and countries. The five edited volumes have a total of 70 chapters, 10 of which are introductions and conclusions. The remaining 60 chapters demonstrate the current state of CE research and represent the range and diversity of that research. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There are eight books from academic publishers. The five edited volumes, and three textbooks. Included at the end are links to the publishers’ websites where the table of contents, authors and descriptions for their books can be found. As academic publications they are not cheap, which unfortunately limits the potential readership, and the books will therefore be read mainly by academics and researchers through their institution’s library. Perhaps future collections could republish some of this work as in cheaper ebook and paperback options. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Declaration of interest: I contributed one or more chapters to the edited volumes, two as co-author with Jim Meikle, and the Foreword to Christian Brockmann’s <i>Construction Microeconomics. </i>There is a ninth book, my one on technology and construction, at the end. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguyhrOkE6csL8yuvikVxKqA-DtOn7pVyc6swB77lhez4FPtHS7brKF-h5dnTeW9ii1rmJEAH-29cycVWJi658tTbjwTgifRFNZuida_-fRmmu277003gWGg2WJEsYaUewwKMr4sN8HyFNW_Pn2R8Mi2Jm7HYTlUD6kXe1z2-dAAqjZKfE5DA_3zotxn7o/s305/ResCom.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="200" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguyhrOkE6csL8yuvikVxKqA-DtOn7pVyc6swB77lhez4FPtHS7brKF-h5dnTeW9ii1rmJEAH-29cycVWJi658tTbjwTgifRFNZuida_-fRmmu277003gWGg2WJEsYaUewwKMr4sN8HyFNW_Pn2R8Mi2Jm7HYTlUD6kXe1z2-dAAqjZKfE5DA_3zotxn7o/s1600/ResCom.jpeg" width="200" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Ofori, G. (ed.) 2022. <i>Research Companion to Construction Economics</i>, Edward Elgar<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book has 24 chapters in a collection that ‘represents a relatively complete work on the field of construction economics.’ And that’s right, there is a bit of everything: costs, markets, history, data, procurement, ESG, developing countries and so on. The table of contents are well worth a look, with the multi-disciplinary nature of CE on full display. The book gathers several decades of research in an overview of CE in 2022. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It is thus a heavyweight academic publication, the chapters are comprehensive, dense and detailed and, as you would expect in a handbook, meticulously referenced. Intended as a library resource, it will be the starting point for researchers on many topics in CE and related fields for many years to come. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Edited by George Ofori, the book makes the case for CE as an alternative to other approaches to researching construction that focus on issues such as culture or project management. His Introduction on the development of CE and review of the chapter topics can be downloaded from the <a href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/research-companion-to-construction-economics-9781839108228.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">e-elgar</span></a> site by going to the link for a sample chapter under the Add to basket button. He started with this definition:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background: repeat white;">‘Construction Economics applies economic theory, concepts and analytical tools to the construction industry, the companies and organisations comprising it, and the projects it undertakes. Over time, the field has been extended beyond the minimisation of capital cost on projects to include life-cycle cost considerations, the idea of value, sustainable construction and climate change, and applications of technology. Attention has also been extended to include consideration of companies and organisations; and the strategic, industry-level considerations involving the economy and construction markets, changing government policy, and international finance and economics.’ </span><span style="background: repeat white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background: repeat white;">Not only is this an excellent definition of CE, it also makes clear the range of topics and issues CE can make a contribution to. The book is a significant milestone in the development of CE.</span><span style="background: repeat white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4cZCdc8SpX-_ggrazTfF0DhDEXAPdsKDFzAHuFiKo0HBruDk1_MC3jmX_Dinw7IVbr0-qSkrAlCHsU5gpO38OK4ynw7yCMp9HXMuOOYikSFOOO4CNJSIYVz2pfAA7KoNlBq_G0prYsd_5ErY1-KgDWf5dtmUQzN_CkBmms5UN13_o2thgYR0SNLVhJr4/s270/SG.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="180" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4cZCdc8SpX-_ggrazTfF0DhDEXAPdsKDFzAHuFiKo0HBruDk1_MC3jmX_Dinw7IVbr0-qSkrAlCHsU5gpO38OK4ynw7yCMp9HXMuOOYikSFOOO4CNJSIYVz2pfAA7KoNlBq_G0prYsd_5ErY1-KgDWf5dtmUQzN_CkBmms5UN13_o2thgYR0SNLVhJr4/s1600/SG.jpeg" width="180" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Gruneberg, S. (ed.) 2019. <i>Global Construction Data</i>, Taylor & Francis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white; font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In his Preface Stephen Gruneberg, the editor of <i>Global Construction Data,</i> says the ‘book covers several theoretical and practical aspects of global construction statistics and their use. It demonstrates the diversity of approaches and points in the direction of a need to co-ordinate the measurement of national construction industries’. The diversity of approaches is the great strength of the book, which demonstrate both the range of CE and its application.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The ten contributions include three with detailed discussion of construction statistics, two on international comparisons, two use residential cost data for life-cycle costing and energy use respectively. The other three cover innovation and BIM, the global market for architectural services, and international contractor’s make-buy decisions. Taken together these chapters cover construction data at the international, national and project levels. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The way we see and understand an industry starts with the data provided by national statistics agencies. How data on Construction is collected and how the categories within Construction are defined is clearly important. The former determines the quality and the latter the credibility of the statistics produced. In the title the book made explicit the importance of this as a specific topic in CE research. The reliability and quality of construction statistics is a well-known issue, going back to the 1960s, and the shortcomings of the SNA and SIC have not been overcome in the revisions since then. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4MULNZg3CgdarGOoXr39HNoIVr-ejVxeyf-EjEJtZ_NngwTJ-41-TtQjyyCi1EZFTOCK3nD-11zo2Q8KHmLd0ACmX1GTZog6QYcSXaCOT3GXeYNFcNjAG6MSxyfEqnDcftxdvKAdyXjtxzjjOWiDDoZnl2gXmJ0_CjdfsCuYvZpl9nufD4srQqvsZkEw/s275/B&M3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="180" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4MULNZg3CgdarGOoXr39HNoIVr-ejVxeyf-EjEJtZ_NngwTJ-41-TtQjyyCi1EZFTOCK3nD-11zo2Q8KHmLd0ACmX1GTZog6QYcSXaCOT3GXeYNFcNjAG6MSxyfEqnDcftxdvKAdyXjtxzjjOWiDDoZnl2gXmJ0_CjdfsCuYvZpl9nufD4srQqvsZkEw/s1600/B&M3.jpeg" width="180" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) 2023. <i>Describing Construction: Industries, projects and </i>firms, Taylor & Francis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The last in a series of three CE books edited by Rick Best and Jim Meikle,<i> Describing Construction</i> addresses the question ‘What exactly is the ‘construction industry’? Research on defining and measuring construction at many different scales is a distinctive characteristic of CE, as this is not done elsewhere. The scales range from firms to projects to the broad construction industry, which includes all participants in the supply chain. The book has contributions at the three scales of industry, project and firm.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The chapters on industry definitions and boundaries, which includes one on construction in developing countries, argue for a new perspective on construction and for better data. At the project level, there are chapters on estimating, procurement and contracting. The chapters on firms cover characteristics and financial failure, strategic planning, innovation and industry transformation. The book combines several chapters that are analytical and empirical (using or about data) with some more general chapters that provide an overview of their topics. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">All the contributors to the 36 chapters in this series of books have extensive industry experience, which is apparent in the depth of discussion and awareness of the issues involved. The books will be used by researchers investigating construction and related industries for many years to come. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg20rbE6MEw75LFZeQ9l_mLswBbmciPxex-4kaiQb6ZKUaX2k4TgKR5vZvKf30pjaJDF3igYokAyV88MCRAZVsUtITth6cDC0jbc5nowLXpJc_jgZk5cVcMABf9mOMEGb6KTHbKWQWRwjUvaaGZ-msxoBlzLPm2Pr5AZrVEsvulXpqktK2JiWdsBr_cxvM/s272/B&M2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="180" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg20rbE6MEw75LFZeQ9l_mLswBbmciPxex-4kaiQb6ZKUaX2k4TgKR5vZvKf30pjaJDF3igYokAyV88MCRAZVsUtITth6cDC0jbc5nowLXpJc_jgZk5cVcMABf9mOMEGb6KTHbKWQWRwjUvaaGZ-msxoBlzLPm2Pr5AZrVEsvulXpqktK2JiWdsBr_cxvM/s1600/B&M2.jpeg" width="180" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) 2919. <i>Accounting for Construction: Frameworks, productivity, cost and performance, </i>Taylor & Francis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The second book from Rick Best and Jim Meikle was <i>Accounting for Construction: Frameworks, productivity, cost and performance. </i>The dozen contributions again look at different ways of measuring and comparing construction. With chapters on construction statistics, productivity, costs and data, the book both reviewed and extended previous studies. An ‘important thread’ was the lack of consistency in the way construction industry data is collected and how it is aggregated. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Several chapters look at national construction statistics and their many peculiar characteristics in detail, explaining how data is collected and processed in national statistics. Issues affecting productivity performance and measurement are also discussed in several chapters, such as the building cycle, capital stock, innovation and the relationship between input costs and the technology used. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book is dense with information, with key topics that reappear across the chapters in different contexts with different perspectives. It is a starting point for construction economists and others who want to understand how industry data is compiled and can used, more about the nuts and bolts of construction data compared to the previous book on <i>Measuring Construction</i>, which was more of a toolkit. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOSzC7KRcLSrzo6nLCgY_6c5zJrxezR7JwcDmRYdhiKY3At92E7BNPUKd5X3NNqnSBlwrSJiPifvvePbOxiJ64-muxPn-9BfEbgvFBTvdfTuDoSMedqWHE1TQihMBkO3xvg2NuAZIEihTpCcEqLurVK0NIs8wV10iNZ_7PbrVH_jBOJ9Kv40kkWxonn4/s269/B&M1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="180" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOSzC7KRcLSrzo6nLCgY_6c5zJrxezR7JwcDmRYdhiKY3At92E7BNPUKd5X3NNqnSBlwrSJiPifvvePbOxiJ64-muxPn-9BfEbgvFBTvdfTuDoSMedqWHE1TQihMBkO3xvg2NuAZIEihTpCcEqLurVK0NIs8wV10iNZ_7PbrVH_jBOJ9Kv40kkWxonn4/s1600/B&M1.jpeg" width="180" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) 2015. <i>Measuring Construction: Prices, Output and Productivity</i>, Taylor & Francis</span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In <i>Measuring Construction: Prices, output and productivity</i> Rick Best and Jim Meikle put the focus on data sources and quality. As the introduction makes clear ‘there are standard methods for measurement of physical building work, but the same cannot be said for the characteristics of the construction industry’. The three broad topics addressed are costs and prices, activity and internationalisation, and construction productivity. Their conclusion was ‘there is no ‘correct’ answer to any of the questions this book explores … It is perhaps only by applying a variety of techniques to the various problems and comparing the results that we obtain that we will know if we are getting closer to developing an acceptable set of tools and methods.’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The chapters survey issues in the collection and use of construction data. The twelve contributions cover measurement of construction work, productivity measurement methods, and construction costs and prices at the global, national, industry and project levels. On each of these topics the research is detailed and focused, there are useful analytical and methodological insights, and a few chapters have models that could be applied and developed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There is a great deal of data in the book, as you’d expect from the title, and good empirical work showing how comparisons can be made and data used. One of the chapters on productivity argued for the use of artificial neural networks (i.e. AI) for construction estimating and management, a particularly forward-looking contribution in 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuaLCwppm-962NT6xorVvFhg_lB5Jvrug-vc4uV6YTn_tpxku_q9SVzmh9DDtw28aSr_DO9WvCZEDaNINPflurvn_x3w7Tk0xHT92OmZIzc9LCwcFV4sYMQRgIRXvicEgb9ib28PD-Fbql-Mtj7JsZpEbSiCM9vkwfHMqKAVg0tWeUGbNzRFYJQNNT94/s422/CB.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIuaLCwppm-962NT6xorVvFhg_lB5Jvrug-vc4uV6YTn_tpxku_q9SVzmh9DDtw28aSr_DO9WvCZEDaNINPflurvn_x3w7Tk0xHT92OmZIzc9LCwcFV4sYMQRgIRXvicEgb9ib28PD-Fbql-Mtj7JsZpEbSiCM9vkwfHMqKAVg0tWeUGbNzRFYJQNNT94/s320/CB.jpeg" width="227" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /> <b style="font-size: 11pt;">Brockmann, C. 2023. <i>Construction Microeconomics</i>, Wiley Blackwell</b></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 14.666667px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is the first book to focus on microeconomic aspects of construction, and that focus allows an extended discussion of topics than found in previous CE books. Microeconomics studies the interaction of producers and consumers of goods and services in specific industries and markets, and the tools and techniques used are well-known. In a simple exchange market, where the transaction is complete, the analysis of demand and supply is relatively straightforward, but construction markets are not like that. Christian Brockmann introduces the idea of contract goods that are delivered over time and priced by bids from contractors, and the analysis of how those characteristic features of construction affect the behaviour of owners and contractors in <i>Construction Microeconomics</i> is both original and insightful.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapters 2 to 9 cover micro basics: principles, consumers, producers, perfect markets, imperfect markets, factor markets, information, and game theory/auctions. Part II contains the adaptation of microeconomics to construction, with chapters on the construction sector, owners, contractors, construction goods, construction markets, contracting, imperfections, government policy, and public goods.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This book discusses the behaviour of firms and the nature of construction products and processes in detail. In particular, bidding for work in auctions and contracting under uncertainty for owners and clients who are risk adverse raises complex issues around marginal costs and prices, incentives and behaviour, and information asymmetry and bargaining power. The analysis draws on developments in industry economics to support the points made and the approach taken. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This micro focus of the book provides a deeper understanding of the complex relationships between construction industry participants, and has been deeply informed by the author’s industry experience. It demonstrates how economic principles can be applied to a market that uses auctions and tenders to set prices, essential knowledge for regulators and management in industry. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Christian Brockmann has built on previous work and brings a new perspective to issues and topics that are fundamental to CE. The book will be of interest not just to academic researchers but also to industry, regulators and policy makers. His <i>Construction Microeconomics</i> focuses on the operation and organisation of construction from a micro perspective, and is an important addition to the CE library. A companion volume is in the works: <i>Construction Macroeconomics</i>, by Horst Brezinski, Christian Brockmann, Kira Coleman and Huojin Xiong.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1r6t9FDo_DRN-iPtlIDhp8adbIqb65J_pceTAi4xoFsGrIN5CJOmpvAQdy5yUHCKkQg7lq2i8I8NRtKwpXG8O73icIoD3C5NCyI0ZOoVVwngSAjrAXp6DDWpb2KCUYzpeN56a2DVpD6g4dr3mBSzVZ7g_TnJxNRegXWe8c4Ivr79JC5Xq9cXGiJCzn8/s638/G&F.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1r6t9FDo_DRN-iPtlIDhp8adbIqb65J_pceTAi4xoFsGrIN5CJOmpvAQdy5yUHCKkQg7lq2i8I8NRtKwpXG8O73icIoD3C5NCyI0ZOoVVwngSAjrAXp6DDWpb2KCUYzpeN56a2DVpD6g4dr3mBSzVZ7g_TnJxNRegXWe8c4Ivr79JC5Xq9cXGiJCzn8/s320/G&F.jpeg" width="226" /></span></a></b></div><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />Gruneberg, S. and Francis, N. 2019. <i>Economics of Construction</i>, Agenda Publishing</span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Stephen Gruneberg and Noble Francis’ <i>The Economics of Construction</i> provides ‘a game theory account of the behaviour of firms’, the approach typically taken in other branches of industry economics. The Gruneberg and Francis book does not have much discussion on macroeconomic matters, however they discuss innovation and productivity, aspects of firms’ business models and financing, and contractual disputes and power relations in construction. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There are case studies of the collapse of UK contractor Carillion in 2018, the Grenfell Tower fire, construction for the London Olympics, and manufactured housing in the UK. These are used to illustrate how the business environment a construction firm faces has become significantly more complex over the decades as the traditional turnover and profit maximizing contractor or supplier has evolved into one primarily concerned with growth and survival. While that may be a matter of degree, it is not insignificant. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gruneberg and Francis argue contracting markets compete profits down to the point firms cannot invest in productivity improvements, <span style="background: repeat white;">the outcomes of a business model that tends to focus on the volatility of demand and managing risk at the expense of improving efficiency. </span>Construction firms operate in an industry Gruneberg and Francis describe as ‘a highly fragmented project-based industry, with very low profit margins and a high risk of failure for the many firms operating in a very complex supply chain’. This is a widely held view, however many large construction firms are over 50 years old and there are significant barriers to entry for major projects. It is an industry with a majority of small firms and relatively few large multinational contractors and manufacturers, some of which have substantial bargaining power in the supply chain. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the last two chapters they point to an emerging field of research on the economics of construction projects, combining project financial and feasibility studies with procurement strategies, using research applying transaction cost economics to construction. The book is an outstanding example of CE research as the application of economic principles to construction. It combines industry specific knowledge with insights from economic reasoning and shows how those insights improve our understanding of the industry.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV1S3jYJaMxoQavYN9Lfss9yo3uLIKr-ol3JlLSL3bzChtAQRK21yifW0NM-3RANFGW70qglMZpyGu4-w-JOxjwD6XecjVrc5ANcHwxR-8S6KjkWvceT2ViA_yW50a2YhgO_5RbO7GX04b2J8lxykP4VCWi62D9zFFKZDsmPtWd5lmQLAYZXBwsh0CFgI/s234/Myers.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="180" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV1S3jYJaMxoQavYN9Lfss9yo3uLIKr-ol3JlLSL3bzChtAQRK21yifW0NM-3RANFGW70qglMZpyGu4-w-JOxjwD6XecjVrc5ANcHwxR-8S6KjkWvceT2ViA_yW50a2YhgO_5RbO7GX04b2J8lxykP4VCWi62D9zFFKZDsmPtWd5lmQLAYZXBwsh0CFgI/s1600/Myers.jpeg" width="180" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /> <b style="font-size: 11pt;">Myers, D. 2022. <i>Construction Economics: A new approach</i> (5<sup>th</sup> ed.) Routledge</b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Danny Myers <i>Construction Economics: A new approach</i> is intended for undergraduate students in construction and other built environment courses who have a single economics subject included in the course. The new approach is sustainability. Although UK-centric, this is a readable and accessible introductory textbook that has a bit of everything.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It starts with the fundamentals of economic theory on firms and markets, and then analyses competition, demand, tendering, costs and prices. The main micro, macro and industry economics topics are covered, and the relevance to construction is maintained through breakout boxes with short examples and case studies from construction throughout the book, which are a feature. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Myers emphasises environmental issues and sustainability, and this is another one of the reasons for its success as these topics have become embedded in university curricula. The book is now in its fifth edition, which is I think another milestone in CE, and Danny Myers is to be congratulated on the achievement. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9m79YQOpBp9T6VZAoJ8Hx8nbsD982ymA-sG_2tbz9fpFi5rPHbgtQQSGBx33vaa68uYg5eflX3oWIJ5i4qcWKS8p3AnEm1tWn4PTg1NOhQ9oOYCxl8ueAYwqYWFCIILJh0i6mUV8_IzEHkFsgUjPEyQK0Gf-LOtTykdlPetjNF-UrzO-vBrLtdv4f_8o/s2560/de_Valence_kdp_cover_1708x2560.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1708" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9m79YQOpBp9T6VZAoJ8Hx8nbsD982ymA-sG_2tbz9fpFi5rPHbgtQQSGBx33vaa68uYg5eflX3oWIJ5i4qcWKS8p3AnEm1tWn4PTg1NOhQ9oOYCxl8ueAYwqYWFCIILJh0i6mUV8_IzEHkFsgUjPEyQK0Gf-LOtTykdlPetjNF-UrzO-vBrLtdv4f_8o/s320/de_Valence_kdp_cover_1708x2560.jpeg" width="214" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">de Valence G. 2022. Creative Destruction and Constructing the Built Environment: From the first industrial revolution to the fourth, CER<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is my book about technological change, general purpose technologies (like steam power, IT and AI), and construction since 1800. Because I can set the price it is cheap, not expensive, and available from Amazon. The Introduction can be read <a href="applewebdata://E1F26750-E5B1-4E5C-9B82-ADE2FB0F3F1A/de%20Valence%20G.%202022.%20Creative%20Destruction%20and%20Constructing%20the%20Built%20Environment:%20From%20the%20first%20industrial%20revolution%20to%20the%20fourth,%20CER%20%20https:/gerarddevalence.substack.com/p/construction-and-technology-book" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">here</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Creative destruction is the effect of technological progress on the economy as, over time, new technologies bring new industries and products to challenge established industries. Innovation and technology have restructured construction of the built environment in the past, and today powerful new technologies like digital twins, AI and 3D printing are leaving their development stage and finding their way into the design and delivery of buildings and structures. The book <span lang="EN-US">argues</span> it might take a decade or more for these technologies to become central to construction of the built environment, but the development path taken will be distinct and different from the path taken in other industries. This path dependence varies from both industry to industry and between firms within industries. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Publishers’ Pages <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) 2023. <i>Describing Construction: Industries, projects and </i>firms, Taylor and Francis.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Describing-Construction-Industries-Projects-and-Firms/Best-Meikle/p/book/9780367608903" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.routledge.com/Describing-Construction-Industries-Projects-and-Firms/Best-Meikle/p/book/9780367608903</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) 2919. <i>Accounting for Construction: Frameworks, productivity, cost and performance, </i>Taylor & Francis.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Accounting-for-Construction-Frameworks-Productivity-Cost-and-Performance/Best-Meikle/p/book/9781032093246" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.routledge.com/Accounting-for-Construction-Frameworks-Productivity-Cost-and-Performance/Best-Meikle/p/book/9781032093246#</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) 2015. <i>Measuring Construction: Prices, Output and Productivity</i>, Taylor & Francis.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Measuring-Construction-Prices-Output-and-Productivity/Best-Meikle/p/book/9780367738341" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.routledge.com/Measuring-Construction-Prices-Output-and-Productivity/Best-Meikle/p/book/9780367738341</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Brockmann, C. 2023. Construction Microeconomics, Wiley Blackwell.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-ie/Construction+Microeconomics-p-9781119831938" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.wiley.com/en-ie/Construction+Microeconomics-p-9781119831938</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">de Valence G. 2022. <i>Creative Destruction and Constructing the Built Environment: From the first industrial revolution to the fourth</i>, CER.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.constructioneconomicsresearch.com/creative-destruction-book" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.constructioneconomicsresearch.com/creative-destruction-book</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gruneberg, S. (ed.) 2019. <i>Global Construction Data</i>, Taylor & Francis. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Global-Construction-Data/Gruneberg/p/book/9781032177472" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.routledge.com/Global-Construction-Data/Gruneberg/p/book/9781032177472</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gruneberg, S. and Francis, N. 2019. <i>Economics of Construction</i>, Agenda Publishing. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.agendapub.com/page/detail/the-economics-of-construction-by-stephen-gruneberg/?k=9781788210157" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.agendapub.com/page/detail/the-economics-of-construction-by-stephen-gruneberg/?k=9781788210157</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Myers, D. 2022. <i>Construction Economics: A new approach</i> (5<sup>th</sup> ed.) Routledge. <span class="a-size-base-plus"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Construction-Economics-A-New-Approach/Myers/p/book/9781032262611" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.routledge.com/Construction-Economics-A-New-Approach/Myers/p/book/9781032262611</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ofori, G. (ed.) 2022. <i>Research Companion to Construction Economics</i>, Edward Elgar.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/research-companion-to-construction-economics-9781839108228.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/research-companion-to-construction-economics-9781839108228.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-30625651736507009262023-11-10T18:18:00.000+11:002023-11-10T18:18:29.559+11:00Reorganizing Construction with 3D Printing<p> <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>Combining Offsite, Onsite And Nearsite Manufacturing In </i></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><i>Construction </i></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoaHp2Ixw-SEDZY_Mzz4E6npJ4XudB5UTYlobiGZM37xt5jMe1pbgKhXNHTXJdHkj-66qXRRfq7L65B2XWLEC3SWfZ8vq7mIuJoz2sIJBjlM7VqzFFhaQEH-N9B3DLNwv_WbpHMsHhuS5hjvq-DwzSyD56Q_LvWiykW8UnEtZ81uqsIh7TUblojK703NQ/s1024/3D-EXCAVATOR.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoaHp2Ixw-SEDZY_Mzz4E6npJ4XudB5UTYlobiGZM37xt5jMe1pbgKhXNHTXJdHkj-66qXRRfq7L65B2XWLEC3SWfZ8vq7mIuJoz2sIJBjlM7VqzFFhaQEH-N9B3DLNwv_WbpHMsHhuS5hjvq-DwzSyD56Q_LvWiykW8UnEtZ81uqsIh7TUblojK703NQ/w400-h225/3D-EXCAVATOR.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The current mix of onsite construction and offsite manufacturing has become a well-</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">developed and efficient system of production, but the level of efficiency and productivity achievable is limited by the lack of significant economies of scale in a project-based industry. With 3D printing and digital fabrication this is no longer the case, and a new off/on/nearsite production mix that combines offsite mass production with onsite and nearsite manufacturing </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">is possible. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">This introduces a new option in the organization of construction.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Can the industry greatly increase the share of components manufactured onsite or nearby, and do so while reducing embodied carbon and increasing choice and quality for clients? Could a significant share of components be manufactured onsite or nearby, using automated machinery to provide just-in-time delivery of structural elements as well as fixtures and fittings?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The Current System Combines Onsite Work and Offsite Manufacturing</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Onsite construction is a project-based activity to deliver a specific building or structure in a specific location. I</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">t is a dense, highly regulated network of industries, utilising standardized materials and components to deliver buildings and structures using well understood processes. The system may not be elegant, but it is flexible, sophisticated and resilient, and coordinates many firms in a widely distributed value chain. Because this is an efficient system, any new technology will have to perform extremely well to have any significant effect on an industry as large and diverse as construction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Mass production of standardized products justifies the capital investment in plant required for products where market demand is well known and stable, unlike the highly variable demand for buildings which rises and falls with the business cycle. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">However, while there are factory made structures and components, the number of standard buildings is limited and onsite production is organized around standard parts and materials. Manufacturing, in contrast, is organized around standardized products and continuous production runs. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The current system is therefore an efficient mix of onsite work and offsite production of prefabricated and manufactured components, with the combination varying depending on the type of project and location. The alternative that has been attempted many times with varying degrees of success is to replace onsite work with assemblies like panels, pods and modules that are manufactured offsite. However, the economies of scale of offsite manufacturing (OSM) are counterbalanced by the significant capital and transport costs involved, and OSM is not yet a viable alternative for many projects, at a time when improving the productivity of construction is a crucial element in addressing current issues in delivering housing and the energy transition. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Is there another alternative to OSM? What would a different way of organizing construction look like? What would be the effect of increasing the amount of work done onsite by manufacturing more, or most, of the structure and components on or around the construction site? How can that be done? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Onsite and Nearsite Manufacturing with Digital Fabrication<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Over the last decade digital tools such as building information modelling (BIM), digital twins and design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) have become widely, although not universally, used in construction. While these have been applied to OSM, they have not solved the fundamental problems of limited economies of scale and large capital requirements. However, instead of reducing the amount of onsite work, these tools can be used to produce many of the components of a building anywhere, using new production technologies based on digital fabrication. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Digital fabrication</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> turns design information into physical products using automated processes,</span> <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">providing the cutters, printers, millers, moulders, scanners and computers needed for designing, producing and reproducing objects. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The tools include traditional subtractive ones for cutting, grinding or milling, but the focus has been on research into new methods of additive manufacturing</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> using different methods of layering materials using 3D printers. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The information needed to create a 3D blueprint is generated during design, and it is a relatively small step to move from a digital model to instructions for a 3D printer.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> Printing of metal, ceramic and plastic objects from online design databases in </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">fabrication laboratories (fabs)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> <span lang="EN-GB">has found industrial applications.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">There are three methods for 3D printing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">: stereolithography, patented in 1986: fused deposition modelling, patented in 1989: and selective laser sintering, patented in 1992. It didn’t take long before research into 3D concrete</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> printing (3DCP</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">) began, focused on developing the equipment needed and the performance of the materials used. By 2022 the commercialisation of 3DCP</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> was underway, with two types of systems available. One using a robotic arm to move the print head over a small area, intended to produce structural elements and precast components, the other a gantry system for printing large components, walls and structures. In November 2023 the </span><a href="https://www.aniwaa.com/catalog/3d-printers/?sort=relevancy&order=desc&display=list&show=12&paged=1&filter_material%5b%5d=_others__concrete" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Additive Manufacturing Marketplace</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> has 44 concrete</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> printing machines listed, ranging from desktop printers to large track mounted gantry systems that can print three or four story buildings.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Figure 1. Concrete printers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdlfS6aTKV8AFF-SuSA2V1UeWiQna3ldOzw0o3XOYQI62nyj83fSdXTUI8wc43AuSjoXmN6wBdiNL-hi5-tWY7Vbm_5u_PXvWi5Bn4-s8LJRCVa-gCJjbkOxyR9F6dfSZ6cMFOY8affaLKrGhKjcFgI3tFcYBK0n-piwTJCnc9-S4T1BPOLL6nT6u5YwE/s960/CPrs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdlfS6aTKV8AFF-SuSA2V1UeWiQna3ldOzw0o3XOYQI62nyj83fSdXTUI8wc43AuSjoXmN6wBdiNL-hi5-tWY7Vbm_5u_PXvWi5Bn4-s8LJRCVa-gCJjbkOxyR9F6dfSZ6cMFOY8affaLKrGhKjcFgI3tFcYBK0n-piwTJCnc9-S4T1BPOLL6nT6u5YwE/w640-h360/CPrs.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Clockwise from top left: </span><a href="https://www.peri.com/en/business-segments/3d-betondruck1.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">COBOD</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://cybe.eu/solutions/3d-printed-houses" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Cybe</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.luyten3d.com/platypus-2" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Luyten</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.kampc.be/c3po_eng" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Kamp</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://bb3d.io/products-services/#specs" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Black Buffalo</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Once a BIM</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> model of a project has been created it can be used to provide instructions for production of both the structural elements and other components of a building. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">When a concrete printer is used to build the walls it is an example of onsite production, but 3DCP can be used to make stairs, columns or other elements onsite as well. Producing components onsite from bags of mixture avoids the cost of handling and transport, and for large items avoids the load limits on roads and trucks. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">However, site space and access is often restricted, so setting up a fab nearby would still take advantage of the lower transport costs of bulk materials and a shorter distance for delivery while maintaining control over the production process. That is nearsite production. Local suppliers offering manufacturing on demand with print farms </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">(factories with many machines) and</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> many different printers that can produce large runs and specialised components is a nearsite form of production rather than OSM</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The potential of 3D printing in construction is not limited to concrete. The Additive Manufacturing Marketplace had 1,852 printers listed, and m</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">any of those printers could be used to produce fixtures and fittings for buildings. Suppliers offering manufacturing on demand with print farms for</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> local production of building components might include the established manufacturers with specialized fabs producing metal, plastic and ceramic finishes, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">fixtures and fittings</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> A modular fab in a container customised for construction, or even a specific construction project, can be set up onsite to produce components as the schedule requires. Larger sites might need a fleet of fabs. Restorations and repairs can be done with replacement parts made onsite from scans of the original.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">This does not suggest the end of mass production of all standardized components, economies of scale are the economic equivalent of gravity, but </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">onsite and nearsite manufacturing using digital fabrication does not have to achieve the same economies of scale needed for mass production. The price of a mass-produced item includes its packing, storage, transport and delivery, costs that local just-in-time production avoids while providing more control over the supply chain. Then there are the potential economies of scope from integrated design-production-installation processes, which could be provided through platforms developed by companies like </span><a href="https://ptblink.com/dmi-platform/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">PT Blink</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and </span><a href="https://www.projectfrog.com/flex-building-program" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Project Frog</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, or the UK </span><a href="https://constructioninnovationhub.org.uk/news/product-platform-rulebook-drives-a-path-from-development-to-deployment-for-uk-construction-sector/" style="color: #954f72;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Product Platform</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The view here is that, over the next decades, the diffusion and spread of new production technologies will deeply affect how construction delivers buildings and structures. The options available between onsite, nearsite and offsite production will broaden considerably as 3D printing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and digital fabrication</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> capabilities increase, and the choice will be determined by the economies of scale and installed cost of local versus offsite manufacturing. The tradeoff between the cost, time and quality of the current onsite/offsite production mix and a new off/on/nearsite production mix will vary greatly across locations and projects, so this new way of organizing construction will coexist with the current system for many decades to come. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Figure 2. Print farms<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzkmxywKDmtSyDZt_iY3DLSnja2GU7pRFOnOnhivaaLB_wiY8dZIWDSevyWYfV5Qs0r9akNW4-yIvZXhZqQtXSE5H77SCmswLhG-VceHF7Xc0XCWNF2waJJ_dbMau4TofjYXEiVepmqJg3BLziy4FC71uK_Q13jMkri5zidUD3uR0OiBhcuykg6eRd4Sc/s960/3D%20pntrs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzkmxywKDmtSyDZt_iY3DLSnja2GU7pRFOnOnhivaaLB_wiY8dZIWDSevyWYfV5Qs0r9akNW4-yIvZXhZqQtXSE5H77SCmswLhG-VceHF7Xc0XCWNF2waJJ_dbMau4TofjYXEiVepmqJg3BLziy4FC71uK_Q13jMkri5zidUD3uR0OiBhcuykg6eRd4Sc/w640-h360/3D%20pntrs.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Clockwise from top left: </span><a href="https://zortrax.com/blog/zortrax-m200-plus-in-a-3d-printing-farm/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Zortrax</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://3dprint.com/29472/3d-systems-high-speed-printer/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">3D Systems</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-industries-3d-printing-will-disrupt-or-decimate/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Design 3D Print</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://design3dprint.com.au/n/MassProduction3DPrinting-416-60/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Formlabs</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">, </span><a href="https://optomec.com/using-3d-printing-in-the-mass-production-of-consumer-electronics/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Optomec</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The combining of robotic and automated machinery with 3D printing</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> of parts will open up further possibilities. Site processes can be structured around components and modules designed to be assembled in a particular way, and machines to assemble those components and modules can be fabricated for that purpose. The </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">FBR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">bricklaying machine below is an example of this, designed to use custom made blocks larger than conventional bricks. Another is the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">RoBIM</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">robot making wall panels from prefabricated components. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Designing an automated production process that includes the machines and equipment needed to move and install parts produced by printers and robots puts digital fabrication at the core of an integrated system of design, manufacturing and assembly. This can work as well in construction as in any other industry. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Figure 3. Construction automation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWbsiAWoTsrIxIOPWya0Kfutx2YM_c64Be5YoDJM9w7m4NmrVd01q-pBpKH3fFukamQQMFh0mcrgFiOLVbx9o4pf9tH6iBf76V4rD-UOwPpQjcd2LohII31nY6cFPL1hyphenhyphenijnUrcBEAj4h1Mu6U6_KJmE4eN40wVuaKz2W89DPcsefwnwsWZhc_iaV0vE/s960/Construction%20auto1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWbsiAWoTsrIxIOPWya0Kfutx2YM_c64Be5YoDJM9w7m4NmrVd01q-pBpKH3fFukamQQMFh0mcrgFiOLVbx9o4pf9tH6iBf76V4rD-UOwPpQjcd2LohII31nY6cFPL1hyphenhyphenijnUrcBEAj4h1Mu6U6_KJmE4eN40wVuaKz2W89DPcsefwnwsWZhc_iaV0vE/w640-h360/Construction%20auto1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">From left: </span><a href="https://www.robim.net/robim-construction-1" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">RoBIM</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> wall panel robot, </span><a href="https://www.hilti.com.au/content/hilti/A2/AU/en/landing-pages/campaign/jaibot.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Hilti Jaibot</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> for M&E fixing, </span><a href="https://new.abb.com/news/detail/107956/prsrl-abb-robotics-and-porsche-consulting-collaborate-to-automate-the-construction-industry" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ABB</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> robot team, </span><a href="https://www.fbr.com.au/view/next-gen-hadrian-xhttps:/www.fbr.com.au/view/next-gen-hadrian-x" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">FBR</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> bricklayer<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Production technologies based on digital twins</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> link localised digital fabrication</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> with online design databases and, as well as </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">concrete, materials like steel, ceramic and plastic can be </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">used to make components and fittings. The robotic and automated machinery and equipment being developed for construction is also based on digital twins</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, as are the various types of drones used to layout and monitor construction sites. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Combining Offsite, Onsite and Nearsite Production <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The combination of digital twins</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and digital fabrication</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> will be transformational if it significantly alters existing economies of scale in the industry. Digital fabrication is a technology whose use has a high probability of becoming ubiquitous as the cost of fabs falls and the supply chain of raw materials continues to develop. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Advances in automation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and mechanization have the potential to significantly increase onsite and nearsite production in construction, using 3D printers to make and finish both structural elements and a wide range of fixtures and fittings.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">This introduces a new option in the organization of production for delivery of buildings and structures. The current choice between onsite work and offsite manufacturing is a well-developed and efficient system, but the level of efficiency and productivity achievable is limited by the lack of significant economies of scale in a project-based industry. With digital fabrication this is no longer the case, and a new production mix that combines onsite and nearsite manufacturing with onsite construction work</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> is now possible. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrq-GMUyfRLMHsvui_ZQa_emKfMzAj4wFxhld1oC4zCh_jUFfKdtJ7CUQ0FXXKcIkklBpDf-Oyg-OVJA7ZoedoW4VWUZeT9PAy_V2XpBS6kIlkE1p60gkKfMOz6gBGIQ8A9ckOwOKUoRXB2uoeceMdJ_RVkE9fAuveL8i0uLycuWjUTTEeKkZubIyoCTY/s560/Screenshot%202023-11-10%20at%206.11.14%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="560" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrq-GMUyfRLMHsvui_ZQa_emKfMzAj4wFxhld1oC4zCh_jUFfKdtJ7CUQ0FXXKcIkklBpDf-Oyg-OVJA7ZoedoW4VWUZeT9PAy_V2XpBS6kIlkE1p60gkKfMOz6gBGIQ8A9ckOwOKUoRXB2uoeceMdJ_RVkE9fAuveL8i0uLycuWjUTTEeKkZubIyoCTY/w640-h612/Screenshot%202023-11-10%20at%206.11.14%20pm.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-16505946520001689992023-10-20T15:21:00.003+11:002023-10-20T16:09:48.523+11:00Is Productivity Growth in Construction Possible?<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><i>Efficiency beats productivity in construction</i><br /></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">Has the construction industry reached a level of high efficiency where sustained productivity growth is no longer possible?</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> <br /></span><o:p> </o:p></span></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The level of technical efficiency of an industry is determined by the technology used in the production process, which is embodied in the machinery, equipment, software and devices available to producers. The most efficient firms in an industry are on or close to the efficiency frontier, and typically there is a distribution of firms within an industry with some small firms having the lowest level of efficiency. Although some firms are on the efficiency frontier, many firms are inside the frontier (i.e. are less efficient), and the level of industry productivity will be around the average level of all firms. Construction fits this picture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;">This post first looks at recent research on productivity measurement issues, which finds their well-known problems are not a satisfactory explanation for the lack of growth in construction productivity. Then recent research using </span>Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is reviewed, an econometric method<span style="background: repeat white;"> used to measure the efficiency of firms and industries. Construction is found to be at a high level of technical efficiency and close to the limits of current technology. Therefore, to increase construction productivity new technology will be required. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Productivity and Real Output<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;">Productivity is determined by the amount of machinery and equipment used (physical capital) and the level of skills and training of employees (human capital). Over time, as firms and industries replace old machinery and equipment with new, upgraded versions, productivity is expected to increase. The mystery of construction productivity is why there has been no increase in productivity, despite the improvements in human and physical capital, since the first attempts to measure it in the 1960s (in the US). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Measurement problems and data issues are the most widely accepted reasons for the lack of construction productivity growth, the construction deflator may underestimate industry output thus lowering the level of measured productivity. However, recent research has found these measurement issues cannot fully account for the lack of productivity growth. The problem is real and another explanation is necessary, with results from a different branch of productivity research suggesting that explanation may be a high level of technical efficiency. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The accepted reason for the low rate of construction productivity growth is the underestimation of real output, measured as value added (the total value of goods and services produced after deducting the costs in the production process and adjusting for movements in prices). The construction deflator may not fully take improved quality and relevant input price movements into account, leading to underestimation of real value added. Recent American research has investigated this issue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Addressing the problem of measuring real output in an industry as diverse as construction, Sveikauskas and colleagues at the US Bureau of Labour Statistics <a href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2018/article/measuring-productivity-growth-in-construction.htm" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">published</span></a> <span style="background: repeat white;">estimated </span>real construction value added per hour worked in four<span style="background: repeat white;"> construction</span> sub-industries, using <span style="background: repeat white;">four specific deflators and </span>including subcontractor hours. <span style="background: repeat white;">Between 2007 and 2020 </span>productivity fell in <span style="background: repeat white;">single-family residential and multiple-family housing construction, but rose in industrial and highway, street, and bridge construction, following a rising volume of work in the latter two </span>sub-industries<span style="background: repeat white;">. Overall productivity for the four </span>sub-industries <span style="background: repeat white;">was flat because these rises and falls balanced out.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2023052pap.pdf" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Garcia and Molloy</span></a> asked ‘Can Measurement Error Explain Slow Productivity Growth in Construction?’. Their answer was no, ‘we estimate that productivity was essentially flat in the construction sector from 1987 to 2019,’ although it was not as low as implied by official statistics when they adjusted for the improved quality of houses. Their analysis found a small upward bias in deflators related to unobserved improvements in structure quality, ‘but the magnitude is not large enough to alter the view that construction-sector productivity growth has been weak. We also find only small contributions from other potential sources of measurement error.’ The implication of this research is that a small increase in productivity has been absorbed by higher but unobserved (i.e. not in the data) quality, therefore no growth in measured construction productivity. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;">Another recent significant contribution came in a paper from </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w30845" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;">Goolsbee and Syverson</span></a><span style="background: repeat white;"> with the arresting title ‘</span>The Strange and Awful Path of Productivity in the U.S. Construction Sector”’. The time period is 1950 to 2019. They focus on measurement problems as an explanation of poor performance: ‘we update some of this previous work and extend it to some new data sources and hypotheses. Together, these new approaches seem to reinforce the view that the poor performance is not just a figment of measurement error.’ <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Their paper concludes, however, that measurement error is ‘probably not the sole source of the stagnation’, i.e. the statistics may have some issues, but the problem is real. Construction productivity, despite the obvious improvements in materials, tools and techniques over the last few decades, has not increased. And this is not unique to the US, for countries around the world, the same result has been found. It is a universal problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Technical Efficiency<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">T<span style="background: repeat white;">echnical efficiency is defined as the ability of firms and industries to produce as much output as possible, given the inputs of labour and capital used and the level of technology available. At maximum efficiency, to increase output requires adding another input to the system of production, such as an extra worker or another machine.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Data envelopment analysis (DEA) estimates efficiency by measuring the ratio of total inputs employed to total output produced for each member of a group. This ratio is then compared to the others in the sample group of firms, industries or countries to estimate relative efficiency. DEA identifies the most efficient provider of a good or service by the ability to produce a given level of output using the least number of inputs, then measures relative efficiency against that benchmark for the sample group. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">With DEA it is important that the level of technology used is similar across the firms or industries in any comparison. In construction, firms have access to current technology, in the form of materials, components and equipment, and the organization of production is based on high level of standardization of parts and processes. With a few exceptions for specialised work (tunnels etc.), the technology available to and used by firms does not vary much from firm to firm.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">DEA has been used to assess productivity and efficiency levels in many industries. DEA was first applied to the construction industry in Hong Kong in the late 1990s, and over the last few years there have been DEA papers on construction in <a href="https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/AJCEB/article/view/4168/4544" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Spain</span></a>, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/22349696/Four_essays_on_the_measurement_of_productive_efficiency" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sweden</span></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1321577" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Europe</span></a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261727683_An_Assessmenet_of_the_Technical_Efficiency_of_Construction_Firms_in_Hong_Kong" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Hong Kong</span></a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326590884_Measuring_efficiency_effectiveness_and_overall_performance_in_the_Chinese_construction_industry" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">China</span></a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286574547_A_comparative_approach_to_determining_the_growth_of_productivity_of_the_New_Zealand_construction_industry" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">New Zealand</span></a> and <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282465540_Drivers_of_Productivity_a_Case_Study_of_the_Australian_Construction_Industry" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Australia</span></a>. This research broadly found construction productivity has slowly increased over time, but it is pro-cyclical and follows rises and falls in the volume of work. There are two other common findings. The first is not surprising, larger firms are more efficient than small ones and there is a significant within-industry difference between the best and worst firms. The second, however, is not so obvious. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">These DEA studies find the overall level of technical efficiency in construction is high, and for the best firms very high. This may not be something many people dealing with the day-to-day information and coordination problems in construction would agree with but, using DEA and industry level data, that is what this research finds. And like productivity, technical efficiency is strongly pro-cyclical, rising and falling as the volume of work increases and falls. Periods of full technical efficiency coincide with periods of the strongest productivity growth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The industry in all the countries where construction has been analysed with DEA is efficient, based on the econometric instrument of DEA and data on the volume of work, industry value added, capital stock and employment. Full technical efficiency is the complete use of all available inputs of capital and labour in the production of output and value added, or to put it another way, there is a point where the industry is at maximum capacity and there are no underutilised inputs. At that point on the efficiency frontier more input is required to increase output, such as an extra worker or machine. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">This can go a long way as an explanation of the productivity problem. When the level of work is high and increasing, productivity improves until the industry is approaching the efficiency frontier, where more workers are needed to increase output. Therefore productivity stops growing. As the volume of work falls during the contraction phase of the building cycle and firms retain workers in the expectation of future work, so the level of industry productivity falls, ending up where it started. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The Australian construction industry illustrates this pattern. Between 2007 and 2022 the volume of construction work done increased by 29 percent, and construction employment by 26 percent. This similarity in the changes over time indicates that, over this period, the industry has turned inputs into buildings and structures using current production technology (machinery, materials, management etc.) at a high level of technical efficiency. It also identifies the strong relationship between an increase in work done (output) and employment, which will also increase. In construction, an increase in output requires more workers, over time productivity as output per worker doesn’t change. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 1. Three measures of productivity<span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj43boxJPr37MAom_RcsrSufJJLzl_SMAoEaZzgiFCT2dsWWQ9IteqtQNd6kVgA24k3MmH3aOgI-8Zhd3nj9ABbvs8Jr35ZpS5TLVa8ZIgBRCDhzBMA2xI_eHbmIAamDeNSPlpUe_CsdEQsfYrkq53qRVrfOis21KPnUBEBxuU5b4CkuBw-8WVWQRDY16k/s960/Pdy%203.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj43boxJPr37MAom_RcsrSufJJLzl_SMAoEaZzgiFCT2dsWWQ9IteqtQNd6kVgA24k3MmH3aOgI-8Zhd3nj9ABbvs8Jr35ZpS5TLVa8ZIgBRCDhzBMA2xI_eHbmIAamDeNSPlpUe_CsdEQsfYrkq53qRVrfOis21KPnUBEBxuU5b4CkuBw-8WVWQRDY16k/w640-h360/Pdy%203.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Between 2007 and 2022 the industry went through a long cycle as the volume of work done first rose by 50 percent, peaking in 2013, but then contracted by 23 percent between 2013 and 2022. There was a significant increase in work done per person employed due to the large amount of machinery and equipment required during the engineering construction boom of 2011-14 (e.g. offshore oil rigs and LNG plants). Industry gross value added (broadly the difference between revenue and expenses) per person did not increase as much because that machinery and equipment was purchased as an intermediate input to construction from other industries, resulting in a short-lived, pro-cyclical increase in construction productivity, which ended up where it began.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Conclusion: Why efficiency beats productivity in construction<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Despite the efforts made by governments, industry organisations and firms over the past decades, there has been no growth in construction productivity. The rate of growth of productivity of the construction industry has been poor since the 1960s, even by comparison with a long-run overall industry average around two percent a year.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Construction is a labour intensive industry in comparison with manufacturing, with which it is often unfairly compared, but there has been a significant increase in the offsite component of construction, and construction methods have become more capital intensive as the performance of machinery, equipment and tools used has improved. However, the expected productivity growth has not occurred, according to the data from national statistical agencies. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;">This is the mystery of construction productivity: why there has there been no increase in labour productivity, despite the improvements in human and physical capital, since the first attempts to measure it in the 1960s? Measurement issues leading to underestimation of output are widely believed to be the main problem, however this is not the case, although there may be some underestimation the lack of growth in construction productivity is real. Another explanation is required, and the high level of technical efficiency in construction is suggested. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: repeat white;">This post first looked at recent research on productivity measurement issues, which finds their well-known problems are not a satisfactory explanation for the lack of growth in construction productivity. Then recent international research using </span>Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is reviewed, an econometric method<span style="background: repeat white;"> used to measure the efficiency of firms and industries, defined as the ability of firms and industries to produce as much output as possible, given the inputs of labour and capital used and the level of technology available.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">There is a relationship between the technical efficiency and productivity. The same inputs of labour and capital are used, but efficiency is the quantity of output given inputs while p<span style="background: repeat white;">roductivity is the ratio of output and those inputs. Labour productivity, for example, is the number or value of units produced divided by the number of hours worked or the number of people employed. </span>The DEA studies find the overall level of technical efficiency in construction is high, and for the best firms very high, and is strongly pro-cyclical, rising and falling as the volume of work increases and falls with high levels of technical efficiency and productivity growth at the peak of the cycle. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The level of technical efficiency is determined by the use of the capital stock available to workers. As the level of capital per worker (machines, software etc.) increases so does output per worker, but as the level of output per worker increases it approaches the limits of the technology currently used in production and, at a high level of technical efficiency, productivity growth is no longer possible. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">If productivity growth is no longer possible with the technology currently used in the system of production, which in construction has been developing for well over one hundred years, industry will focus on efficiency and getting the most out of the labour and capital available. Efficiency trumps productivity in construction. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-67957425507899992032023-09-26T14:38:00.004+10:002023-10-19T17:59:21.783+11:00Construction Employment At Record High In Australia<p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size: large;">Employment Increases as Work Done Falls</span></i></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><br /></span></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">The number of people employed in construction is at record highs. In the ABS</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/labour-accounts/labour-account-australia/jun-2023#data-downloads" style="color: #954f72; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Labour Account</a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">for June 2023 there were 1,268,472 people employed, an increase of 135,693 people since 2018, the most recent peak in the volume of work done. There is only a weak relationship between changes in the volume of construction work done and the number of people employed in construction, as Figure 1 shows, employment typically rises or falls by one or two percent a year while the annual volume of work done has changed by more than five percent in nine of the 15 years between 2007 and 2022.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 1. Construction work done and people employed </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizj9lS3pZvOX2kFQ0lMyrJ7k2Lo3-3LHxLpKzCy98l05LyK-9N3nuKKddQl9olXL-6WeFb-KLStg5RQ14t_OBarLdzhpN3KSyY2zWHexN0jV2ml1mh0FNjYvyaSgXk8qP6SEfhWoyMPm0suDNe432H5lMffhRO27cSEgsV8zr4118DPJS7kjC_bLt0goo/s960/WE1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizj9lS3pZvOX2kFQ0lMyrJ7k2Lo3-3LHxLpKzCy98l05LyK-9N3nuKKddQl9olXL-6WeFb-KLStg5RQ14t_OBarLdzhpN3KSyY2zWHexN0jV2ml1mh0FNjYvyaSgXk8qP6SEfhWoyMPm0suDNe432H5lMffhRO27cSEgsV8zr4118DPJS7kjC_bLt0goo/w640-h360/WE1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Note: The number of people employed includes all workers in June each year, and comes from ABS <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/2020-21#data-download" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">Australian Industry</a><u><span style="color: #0563c1;">. </span></u>The volume of work done is from the ABS chain volume <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/building-and-construction/construction-work-done-australia-preliminary/mar-2023" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">Value of Construction Work Done</a>, which is expenditure on construction adjusted for inflation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 1 also shows that, from 2007 to 2010, while the volume of work done was increasing the number of people employed barely changed (by 3,000 people). The 2011 bump in employment was due to increased Construction services employment in public building work done as part of the fiscal response to the financial crisis, and the following year employment fell by half the increase of 2011. The increase in work done in 2012 and 2013 was due to the doubling of Engineering work during the mining boom, which went from $76 billion in 2007 to $158bn in 2013, before falling below $100bn in 2017. The $94bn of engineering work done in 2022 was mainly infrastructure projects in transport and energy. The increase in Construction employment in 2017 and 2018 followed rising residential building, when employment in Construction services also began to increase, and in 2022 there was a total of 1,253,906 people employed in construction, an increase of 121,172 since 2018.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">There have been significant changes in both employment and the volume of work done at the subsector level since 2011 that are not reflected in the industry’s total work done or total employment, and a more detailed picture emerges when construction employment in the three industry subsectors of Engineering, Building and Construction services is used, and construction work done is divided into engineering work and building work. There is a clear relationship between changes in engineering work done and Engineering employment, and in building work done and employment in Building. When the recent cycles in engineering and building construction are taken into account there are significant differences between the industry subsectors, and a comparison of changes in construction employment and work done since 2007 is below in Table 1, divided inro trough-to-peak and peak-to-2022 time periods. Between 2007 and 2022 the volume of engineering work done rose by 23 percent but the number of people employed by 51 percent and, for Building, work done rose by 36 percent and the number of people employed by 46 percent. Construction services employment rose by 26 percent, less than the 36 percent increase in building work done. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Table 1. Changes in work done and employment 2007-2022<o:p></o:p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium; color: black; font-variant-caps: normal;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.05pt;" valign="top" width="219"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">Industry<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.1pt;" valign="top" width="109"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" valign="top" width="114"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">Work done<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.05pt;" valign="top" width="159"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">Employed people<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.05pt;" valign="top" width="219"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Engineering Construction<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.1pt;" valign="top" width="109"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2007-13<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2018-22<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2007-22<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" valign="top" width="114"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">107%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">-20%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">23%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.05pt;" valign="top" width="159"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">76%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">51%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.05pt;" valign="top" width="219"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Building Construction<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.1pt;" valign="top" width="109"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2013-18<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2018-22<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2007-22<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" valign="top" width="114"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">29%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">-3%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">36%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.05pt;" valign="top" width="159"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">27%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">7%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">46%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.05pt;" valign="top" width="219"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Construction Services<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.1pt;" valign="top" width="109"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2013-18<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2018-22<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2007-22<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" valign="top" width="114"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">29%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">-3%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">36%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.05pt;" valign="top" width="159"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">9%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">11%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">19%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.05pt;" valign="top" width="219"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">All Construction <o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.1pt;" valign="top" width="109"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2013-18<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2018-22<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2007-22<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" valign="top" width="114"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">-4%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">-11%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">29%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.05pt;" valign="top" width="159"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">6%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">11%<o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">26%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Note: Engineering employment and engineering construction. Building and Construction Services and building work done.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The long-run averages used in Table 2 take the volatility of the year-on-year changes in Figure 1 out, particularly for work done. At the industry level, the long-run relationship between the average of annual changes in employment and work done is actually stable, with the average smoothing the cyclic variability and the effect of very large projects on the volume of work commenced. Since 2007 the average annual change in work done is an increase of 2 percent, and for employment it is 1 percent. This similarity in the average percentage changes over time indicates that, over this period, the industry has turned inputs into buildings and structures using current production technology (machinery, materials, management etc.) at a high level of technical efficiency. However, there has been no significant change in work done per person employed since 2007 when it was $173,192 and 2022 with $177,446. At the top of the mining boom in 2013 work done per person was $245,353. <br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Table 2. Percent change in work done and employment 2007-22</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium; color: black; font-variant-caps: normal;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 176.95pt;" valign="top" width="236"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">Industry<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">Work done<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">Employed people<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 176.95pt;" valign="top" width="236"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Engineering Construction<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">3%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 176.95pt;" valign="top" width="236"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Building Construction<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">3%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 176.95pt;" valign="top" width="236"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Construction Services<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">1%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 176.95pt;" valign="top" width="236"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">All Construction <o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">2%<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">1%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Note: Engineering employment and engineering construction. Building and Construction Services and building work done.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><b>Construction Services</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The number of people employed in Construction services began to rise with increasing building work and the end of the mining boom. There were big jumps in 2018 and 2021 when residential building work was peaking in the recent cycle. In 2022 Construction services employment reached 854,000, an all-time high, despite the small decrease in the annual value of work done compared to 2018. Between 2013 and 2022 building work done increased by 25 percent and Construction services employment by 20 percent.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 2. Construction services work done and people employed <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUOsXcPQC3guoE69nF6d0O8Ck5MiwQcUwYMaVoiuzjoJLJjOH7gacIkGY5m94Af1gT6gxjObePhrgyYsOJsto4AEo93ov1Fw1rJm_RqmEVfhiE-SlQ1hwBre8GTRDOQ4gBs8gdLqQ1c1zfn4CK35400eTexkNngAENvqGQ0bnUrJOx_4iG2q0bwK4AZ8g/s960/WE2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUOsXcPQC3guoE69nF6d0O8Ck5MiwQcUwYMaVoiuzjoJLJjOH7gacIkGY5m94Af1gT6gxjObePhrgyYsOJsto4AEo93ov1Fw1rJm_RqmEVfhiE-SlQ1hwBre8GTRDOQ4gBs8gdLqQ1c1zfn4CK35400eTexkNngAENvqGQ0bnUrJOx_4iG2q0bwK4AZ8g/w640-h360/WE2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The increase in Construction services employment followed rising residential building work, as Figure 3 shows. Construction services employment began to increase in 2016, and continued to rise as the level of building work done peaked then fell. This increase in employment while the value of work is falling implies decreasing industry efficiency, possibly due to the large number of new and inexperienced workers that entered the industry. However, there have been a number of factors that affected the volume of work since 2020, such as wet weather, the pandemic, interest rates, shortages, cost increases and other supply chain issues. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Increasing Construction services employment in recent years is in part due to the increasing number of <a href="https://www.ncver.edu.au/research-and-statistics/data/all-data/historical-time-series-of-apprenticeships-and-traineeships-in-australia-from-1963-to-2022" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">apprenticeships</a>. The construction trades share of all apprenticeships rose from 12 percent in 2016 to 16 percent in 2022 and the number of people in-training in construction trades increased from 52,700 in 2016 to 70,300 in 2022, when the total number of trainees was 419,600, nearly half the number of people employed in Construction services.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 3. Residential and non-residential building work done<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjre-AiXCSaydOJDKnranatn3QlqB7OdeICchK8qrvYWhNqhIJU-Nqydj3pnN9p0RZPh2QZAaBsPr4McyPayMW0MmHLVluiZKGSjAPbpeWeOogtAXYTA7IvOooS-t2QItZjtO2iOhvSmmOJlBFpo1_3HJ2eJZRij1mNmm41iNzvIOI8wJicGQMxO0_5HUI/s960/WE3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjre-AiXCSaydOJDKnranatn3QlqB7OdeICchK8qrvYWhNqhIJU-Nqydj3pnN9p0RZPh2QZAaBsPr4McyPayMW0MmHLVluiZKGSjAPbpeWeOogtAXYTA7IvOooS-t2QItZjtO2iOhvSmmOJlBFpo1_3HJ2eJZRij1mNmm41iNzvIOI8wJicGQMxO0_5HUI/w640-h360/WE3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">What is surprising about Construction services employment is how loosely it is actually connected to changes in the level of work done, both to total construction work and to building work more specifically, where the relationship would be expected to be stronger. However, as Figure 4 shows, in most years there is little connection between changes in the volume of building work done and employment in Construction services, it increased in the last couple of years of the 2014-18 increase in residential building but not during the first few years of the upswing. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 4. Annual change in Construction services employment<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZPcXRnRXOnKR-vDMm5YTMQMWaMpPXqln67_dM8VWUpTx21APBLu2_vAdfCS21bwHq5BezjIq0tVSF9Hex4kX5Grg5bZHg1PeYI4VClg6ROmPDyBJqffUdaAD79b0gTWaxxt731wru5wVU7jj7Q9ZcLnln5L7IEDh4wk-6DkQp4idzN2d0bjj__WCzo8I/s960/WE4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZPcXRnRXOnKR-vDMm5YTMQMWaMpPXqln67_dM8VWUpTx21APBLu2_vAdfCS21bwHq5BezjIq0tVSF9Hex4kX5Grg5bZHg1PeYI4VClg6ROmPDyBJqffUdaAD79b0gTWaxxt731wru5wVU7jj7Q9ZcLnln5L7IEDh4wk-6DkQp4idzN2d0bjj__WCzo8I/w640-h360/WE4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><b>Engineering and Building Construction</b><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">The number of people employed in Engineering increased from 91,000 in 2007 to a peak of 160,000 in 2013, before falling to 110,000 in 2017 then recovering to 137,000 in 2022. Between 2007 and 2013 engineering work done increased by 107 percent and employment by 76 percent, accounting for the cyclic rise and fall in productivity discussed in the previous post. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 5. Engineering work done and people employed <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZOn9g7Dig0H1luOjivRdapK7Suo8hQu3ptgLBS7NYEwaFlsYFcE7EYmGP8qY9v5ipvaV_llU5GNC-8HyqAyXY27QQB7UrqqTdSct5kZ7GDC3Cjutu7F9_v9VttGVzPcQKjSqU9ip6SLqvc9kTeXCSsmgo7P-N-xW9nLyytuXM7tiHTPuEdQcb6EW_0k/s960/WE5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZOn9g7Dig0H1luOjivRdapK7Suo8hQu3ptgLBS7NYEwaFlsYFcE7EYmGP8qY9v5ipvaV_llU5GNC-8HyqAyXY27QQB7UrqqTdSct5kZ7GDC3Cjutu7F9_v9VttGVzPcQKjSqU9ip6SLqvc9kTeXCSsmgo7P-N-xW9nLyytuXM7tiHTPuEdQcb6EW_0k/w640-h360/WE5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">In Engineering, between 2007 and 2022 the annual percentage changes moved in the same direction and by similar amounts in many years, as Figure 6 shows. In some years the change in work done is 20 percent or more, due to the size of the largest projects, with frequent annual changes in employment of 10 percent.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 6. Annual change in Engineering work done and employment<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8P2Ow95rkaKa3iGc26dH1bK3SnXxlWIjgotcVWaN7CKoBip7vdHskgVkJUwbO1W5WQYC1lRazKbNS-ukLj_r-kCyeUSVLHqHKAcM8GsmcvQcogwEMQf_Xdu2xLcmy3wJioTtwc-6uMA9NYtOoX6r13rtiIPh1M1GjGOxkrSfwgjL9JizZkcFbV5w79c4/s960/WE6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8P2Ow95rkaKa3iGc26dH1bK3SnXxlWIjgotcVWaN7CKoBip7vdHskgVkJUwbO1W5WQYC1lRazKbNS-ukLj_r-kCyeUSVLHqHKAcM8GsmcvQcogwEMQf_Xdu2xLcmy3wJioTtwc-6uMA9NYtOoX6r13rtiIPh1M1GjGOxkrSfwgjL9JizZkcFbV5w79c4/w640-h360/WE6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">There is a similar story for Building work done and the number of people employed in Building construction. Over the recent building cycle, driven by residential building, between 2014 and 2018 the value of work done increased by 29 percent and the number of people employed rose by 27 percent. In 2022 the value of work done was slightly down on 2018, but employment had grown from 224,000 to 239,000 people. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 7. Building work done and people employed</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhy9Hj0Ri_dtO4ubT24GIht2fVbledA3R4gSCCO_7sdvf7B9TI-RHEcepvrX7TvP-elhioNR1ktXH-MTgFGm4HPALdP982tXb7RCJSs_kQU3g8mQot5bHSEhoWYJfRvQRLeem1GbgQu5aSKnNnMHZz-4Sr05E1GMBsL8vpJE-lBJg0Qdk6vW_gm1yqtAU/s960/WE7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhy9Hj0Ri_dtO4ubT24GIht2fVbledA3R4gSCCO_7sdvf7B9TI-RHEcepvrX7TvP-elhioNR1ktXH-MTgFGm4HPALdP982tXb7RCJSs_kQU3g8mQot5bHSEhoWYJfRvQRLeem1GbgQu5aSKnNnMHZz-4Sr05E1GMBsL8vpJE-lBJg0Qdk6vW_gm1yqtAU/w640-h360/WE7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Between 2007 and 2022 the annual percentage changes moved by similar amounts in many years (e.g. 2015-20) but, as Figure 8 shows, in other years there is a lag between changes in building work done and employment. Over time periods longer than one year these annual variations become more closely aligned.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 8. Annual change in building work done and employment<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYgr_VSNqdIkDm31vJv7qg_c4T9ZbKUXSb1Ozl5mvvPkPtb7iVOzIOLNr2anhqeRE9yjd-xqw6nIWkZH-48ov2BFtdW-SRT43lgMv3zDbmvAW81MTUmvWhXZ9L6PZmuP8rtD9W9tTmaBZ4PPFEvi62XeyTjYlVet6w4TxtLJTjL9W9Agn6ovzhC2NTaEQ/s960/WE8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYgr_VSNqdIkDm31vJv7qg_c4T9ZbKUXSb1Ozl5mvvPkPtb7iVOzIOLNr2anhqeRE9yjd-xqw6nIWkZH-48ov2BFtdW-SRT43lgMv3zDbmvAW81MTUmvWhXZ9L6PZmuP8rtD9W9tTmaBZ4PPFEvi62XeyTjYlVet6w4TxtLJTjL9W9Agn6ovzhC2NTaEQ/w640-h360/WE8.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><b>Conclusion</b><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">For the construction industry, changes in employment numbers have not been closely linked to changes in work done. Between 2007 and 2022 volume of construction work done peaked in 2014 and 2018, but it took until 2016 before employment started increasing. By 2022 the volume of work done had declined from 2018 but the number of people employed had increased to 1,229,000 people, mainly because of the number of new people in Construction services. The volume of work done after 2020 will also have been impacted by pandemic-era supply chain issues, wet weather, interest rates and cost increases, although the extent of the effect is unknown. <br /> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 9. Australian construction work done and employment<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqH7Tc_q3v58Fn9aIJPjt-YUk0z9wbNPgObCAb1u6W5hbeWyXuRvMOLe4aocnUSVHEM4IN_pwGJdz2uxe0dv0Qnc21V2v_19VbMogReGCJG_beQIL8QsI417kGRPfwRc-yG-Pog2B3XW9yhi6pS9hWciZRSP6fdPBvAYODJqvRdh3-fsOZQBGc-uZ5TQs/s960/WE9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqH7Tc_q3v58Fn9aIJPjt-YUk0z9wbNPgObCAb1u6W5hbeWyXuRvMOLe4aocnUSVHEM4IN_pwGJdz2uxe0dv0Qnc21V2v_19VbMogReGCJG_beQIL8QsI417kGRPfwRc-yG-Pog2B3XW9yhi6pS9hWciZRSP6fdPBvAYODJqvRdh3-fsOZQBGc-uZ5TQs/w640-h360/WE9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Between 2007 and 2022 an increase in construction work done generally required more people, but there has been great variation between the subsectors, with significant changes in both employment and the volume of work done at the subsector level that are not reflected in the industry’s total work done or total employment. There is a clear relationship between changes in engineering work done and changes in Engineering employment, and changes in work done and employment in Building.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">Although the number of people employed in construction has been affected by the composition of work, the relationship is weaker for Construction services, where over twice as many people are employed as in Engineering and Building combined. Construction services employment barely changed during the 2010-14 mining boom increase in engineering work, and if building work done is used still shows a limited relationship between changes in employment and changes in work done. Employment rose as building work increased and residential building work peaked in 2018. In 2022 Construction services employment reached a record 854,000, despite a decrease in the volume of building work done.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">For the industry subsectors Engineering and Building, annual increases and decreases in employment follow increases and decreases in work done. At this level, annual increases in work done and employment vary greatly over the period 2007 to 2022, but become more aligned over longer time periods. At the peak of their respective cycles, engineering in 2013 and building work done in 2018 had increased by a few percent more than the number of people employed in Engineering and Building respectively, but the changes were similar.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">At the industry level, the long-run relationship between the average of annual changes in employment and work done is actually stable, with the average smoothing the cyclic variability and the effect of very large projects on the volume of work commenced. Since 2007 the average annual change in work done is an increase of 2 percent, and for employment it is 1 percent. This similarity in the average percentage changes over time indicates the industry broadly has turned inputs into buildings and structures using current production technology (machinery, materials, management etc.) at a high level of technical efficiency. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;">However, over the last few years the total volume of work done has been falling but employment has increased, which may in part be because many of these new employees have been replacing experienced workers retiring in their 60s. In 2022 there were 130,000 more people (19 percent) in Construction services than in 2016, and over that period employment also increased in Engineering (by 15,000) and Building (by 31,000). Construction employment has been growing strongly for several years, with increasing numbers of apprenticeships and graduates entering the industry, perhaps attracted by the very significant pipeline of major projects that will, in turn, require retention of these workers. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br />An increase in employment while the volume of work done is falling implies decreasing industry efficiency, and since 2016 work done has declined by 4 percent while employment has increased by 17 percent. The number of new, inexperienced workers in the industry may be one of the causes of the widening gap between changes in work done and employment since 2020. Labour hoarding during a downturn in the volume of work done due to external factors may also have played a role, as firms retain workers in expectation of future work and potential labour shortages.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br />In recent years the annual volume of construction work done has been around $220bn. With many major projects still in the planning stage and higher interest rates leading to cancellation or postponement of some projects, building approvals are trending lower and the volume of work done may fall in the short-term. The mismatch between growing employment and a flat or falling volume of work done suggests the industry might have substantial unused capacity at the same time as commencing projects becomes increasingly difficult.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-50010733189388971782023-08-24T18:08:00.000+10:002023-08-24T18:08:31.741+10:00The Long Cycle in Australian Construction Productivity <p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO1t3MbLaUzQZhPzl5VXDeJ7iZJQ7vuTMl88J-c0Mb4S9_4HT_TFuUR-eVOZcUe2rTud0gYX0mzH89Ql4IpjBApAq-IoKrJFku8N9R6oyXbQIjIx92ovHQ8Mwd2kFSRV71Vde6l2WUMn7t6D-LwUpFpe6M5B_-VD2XtBKibkczFq0iaAgfP6GGkPc9ZA4/s960/GVA4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO1t3MbLaUzQZhPzl5VXDeJ7iZJQ7vuTMl88J-c0Mb4S9_4HT_TFuUR-eVOZcUe2rTud0gYX0mzH89Ql4IpjBApAq-IoKrJFku8N9R6oyXbQIjIx92ovHQ8Mwd2kFSRV71Vde6l2WUMn7t6D-LwUpFpe6M5B_-VD2XtBKibkczFq0iaAgfP6GGkPc9ZA4/w640-h360/GVA4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><div data-draftjs-conductor-fragment="{"blocks":[{"key":"3s04e","text":"Over the last 15 years, Construction productivity in Australia has gone through a long cycle and ended up more or less where it began. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Construction labour productivity index rose from 92.88 in 2006-07 to 95.36 in 2010-111, before rapidly increasing to 115.94 in 2013-14, then falling to 99.1 in 2021-22. What explains the 10 year cycle between 2011 and 2021?","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":394,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"3f9jk","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"3fci9","text":"Productivity estimates require both a measure of labour inputs, such as hours worked or people employed, and a measure of output, called Industry value added (IVA, the difference between total revenue and total costs). IVA is then adjusted for changes in prices of materials and labour to estimate Gross value added (GVA) using price indexes. The ABS has a Construction industry labour productivity index, but does not have separate indexes for the different construction industry sectors.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":489,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"bro6f","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"ejbo2","text":"However, using GVA data, estimates of productivity for the industry sectors of Engineering construction, Building construction and Construction services can be found. The GVA data comes from the ABS National Accounts (chain volume measures of economic activity). The number of people employed includes all workers in June each year, and comes from ABS Australian Industry. The construction work done data is from the ABS chain volume Value of Construction Work Done, which is expenditure on construction adjusted for inflation.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":527,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":199,"length":17,"style":"UNDERLINE"},{"offset":352,"length":20,"style":"UNDERLINE"},{"offset":434,"length":31,"style":"UNDERLINE"},{"offset":371,"length":1,"style":"{\"FG\":\"#0563c1\"}"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":199,"length":17,"key":0},{"offset":352,"length":19,"key":1},{"offset":434,"length":31,"key":2}],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"5frob","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"aqnod","text":"GVA per person employed is a useful proxy for industry productivity. As a combination of real output and employment, GVA per person employed looks like a measure of productivity and, while not precise, it is indicative of industry trends. As a measure of productivity, annual GVA per person employed follows a similar path to the ABS productivity index, which uses the number of hours worked for labour input. If output is increasing faster than employment, labour productivity will also increase. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":498,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4tae4","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"cbpv6","text":"In Figure 1 Construction GVA per person employed in thousands of dollars per person is compared to the ABS labour productivity index for Construction from their Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity. There is a good match between the two because they both use industry GVA for output and are both based on the 2020-21 year, although the long cycle between 2011 and 2021 is more pronounced in the GVA per person data. The ABS labour productivity index is 2020-21 = 100, and went from 92.88 in 2006-07 to 115.94 in 2013-14 before falling to 99.1 in 2021-22. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":565,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":161,"length":46,"style":"UNDERLINE"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":161,"length":46,"key":3}],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"5lfpb","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"e84pr","text":"Figure 1. Construction Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Labour Productivity","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":84,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":0,"length":84,"style":"{\"FG\":\"#000000\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"target":"_blank","rel":"","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download"}},"1":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"target":"_blank","rel":"","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/2020-21#data-download"}},"2":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"target":"_blank","rel":"","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/building-and-construction/construction-work-done-australia-preliminary/mar-2023"}},"3":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"target":"_blank","rel":"","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/estimates-industry-multifactor-productivity/latest-release#data-downloads"}}},"VERSION":"9.14.2"}" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="9pudk-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9pudk-0-0"><span data-offset-key="9pudk-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Over the last 15 years, Construction productivity in Australia has gone through a long cycle and ended up more or less where it began. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Construction labour productivity index rose from 92.88 in 2006-07 to 95.36 in 2010-111, before rapidly increasing to 115.94 in 2013-14, then falling to 99.1 in 2021-22. What explains the 10 year cycle between 2011 and 2021?</span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="dgahl-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dgahl-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dgahl-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cf6kt-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cf6kt-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cf6kt-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Productivity estimates require both a measure of labour inputs, such as hours worked or people employed, and a measure of output, called Industry value added (IVA, the difference between total revenue and total costs). IVA is then adjusted for changes in prices of materials and labour to estimate Gross value added (GVA) using price indexes. The ABS has a Construction industry labour productivity index, but does not have separate indexes for the different construction industry sectors.</span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="4b7ua-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4b7ua-0-0"><span data-offset-key="4b7ua-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="156vg-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="156vg-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span data-offset-key="156vg-0-0">However, using GVA data, estimates of productivity for the industry sectors of Engineering construction, Building construction and Construction services can be found. The GVA data comes from the ABS </span><a class="TWoY9 itht3" data-hook="linkViewer" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="156vg-1-0">National Accounts</span></a><span data-offset-key="156vg-2-0"> (chain volume measures of economic activity). The number of people employed includes all workers in June each year, and comes from ABS </span><a class="TWoY9 itht3" data-hook="linkViewer" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/2020-21#data-download" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="156vg-3-0">Australian Industry</span></a><span data-offset-key="156vg-4-0" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"><span data-text="true">.</span></span><span data-offset-key="156vg-4-1"> The construction work done data is from the ABS chain volume </span><a class="TWoY9 itht3" data-hook="linkViewer" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/building-and-construction/construction-work-done-australia-preliminary/mar-2023" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="156vg-5-0">Value of Construction Work Done</span></a><span data-offset-key="156vg-6-0">, which is expenditure on construction adjusted for inflation.</span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="ciqfk-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ciqfk-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ciqfk-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="c9d5i-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="c9d5i-0-0"><span data-offset-key="c9d5i-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">GVA per person employed is a useful proxy for industry productivity. As a combination of real output and employment, GVA per person employed looks like a measure of productivity and, while not precise, it is indicative of industry trends. As a measure of productivity, annual GVA per person employed follows a similar path to the ABS productivity index, which uses the number of hours worked for labour input. If output is increasing faster than employment, labour productivity will also increase. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="dillm-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dillm-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dillm-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="83cr6-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="83cr6-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span data-offset-key="83cr6-0-0">In Figure 1 Construction GVA per person employed in thousands of dollars per person is compared to the ABS labour productivity index for Construction from their </span><a class="TWoY9 itht3" data-hook="linkViewer" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/estimates-industry-multifactor-productivity/latest-release#data-downloads" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="83cr6-1-0">Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity</span></a><span data-offset-key="83cr6-2-0">. There is a good match between the two because they both use industry GVA for output and are both based on the 2020-21 year, although the long cycle between 2011 and 2021 is more pronounced in the GVA per person data. The ABS labour productivity index is 2020-21 = 100, and went from 92.88 in 2006-07 to 115.94 in 2013-14 before falling to 99.1 in 2021-22. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="h18f-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="h18f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="h18f-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 1. Construction Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Labour Productivity</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ltwUNFbLz2pxc3rdFLl0rvzuXT3XaD1c93SzlmNFj5W87UQMlbgyvlZ9LdPJ4QrfvPNlLXL6Shc1hiRVZoEh-Wx4rTVJIOn5a4I1FzHDYlOEBDFEfkXeW3AzNAbqxKRqNAw_UnV9jgnJEAuy6-_e3cHM-udnuDjlnVHBlX9kzv5mj1lezFzovYj-KPw/s960/GVA1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ltwUNFbLz2pxc3rdFLl0rvzuXT3XaD1c93SzlmNFj5W87UQMlbgyvlZ9LdPJ4QrfvPNlLXL6Shc1hiRVZoEh-Wx4rTVJIOn5a4I1FzHDYlOEBDFEfkXeW3AzNAbqxKRqNAw_UnV9jgnJEAuy6-_e3cHM-udnuDjlnVHBlX9kzv5mj1lezFzovYj-KPw/w640-h360/GVA1.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In Figure 2 the Value of construction work done is shown with GVA per person employed, and there is a clear relationship between the two. Over the 15 year period Construction work done peaked twice, first in 2014 during the mining boom and then in 2018 with new infrastructure projects. Construction GVA per person followed a similar trend to the rises and falls in work done. </span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" />Figure 2. Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Construction Work Done</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm5kauxQvDK3IOTv9jCByp6hQ_qKmsqmX8bbNHLb0UJpkO1ZRV1EdknRui1oP3sjktUVFZUla7T26fOHUhFNVzlle3CTQn3xRWLVhO3gaFwZCkLnabI70O0d9YadAJRDLK_PfQZCsfvB-a46J3awnMNQ7Ad1slCZtUiJtHD9NyIUrzd4V_EtdvCavpuj8/s960/GVA2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm5kauxQvDK3IOTv9jCByp6hQ_qKmsqmX8bbNHLb0UJpkO1ZRV1EdknRui1oP3sjktUVFZUla7T26fOHUhFNVzlle3CTQn3xRWLVhO3gaFwZCkLnabI70O0d9YadAJRDLK_PfQZCsfvB-a46J3awnMNQ7Ad1slCZtUiJtHD9NyIUrzd4V_EtdvCavpuj8/w640-h360/GVA2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div data-draftjs-conductor-fragment="{"blocks":[{"key":"24mhq","text":"Significantly, Figure 2 shows GVA per person employed also peaked in 2014 as it followed changes in work done. Productivity increased when construction was rising after 2011 during the mining boom, and then decreased as the mining boom ended. The first stage of this long-run cycle of increasing construction work done and GVA per person employed in construction was entirely due to the large number of large, capital intensive resource projects completed during the mining boom between 2011 and 2017, followed by transport and energy sectors commencing in the second stage from 2018. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":585,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"42j22","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"2m55l","text":"Engineering Construction","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":24,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":0,"length":24,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"evbbf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4todl","text":"The mining boom started in the 2000s but took off after 2010 with many large energy and resource projects. As Figure 3 shows, the value of Engineering work done doubled between 2007 and 2013, and as it did Engineering GVA per person employed increased by around 20%. Engineering GVA per person followed the rise and fall and subsequent fall in the value of work done, and is now well below the peak years. The value of Engineering work done includes associated expenditure on machinery and equipment, so a lot of the increase was due to the capital investment required for the LNG plants, offshore platforms, railways and new mines constructed. . ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":647,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"6f0hn","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"55tml","text":"Figure 3. Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Engineering Work Done ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":74,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}}],"entityMap":{},"VERSION":"9.14.2"}"><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="a09dl-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a09dl-0-0"><span data-offset-key="a09dl-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Significantly, Figure 2 shows GVA per person employed also peaked in 2014 as it followed changes in work done. Productivity increased when construction was rising after 2011 during the mining boom, and then decreased as the mining boom ended. The first stage of this long-run cycle of increasing construction work done and GVA per person employed in construction was entirely due to the large number of large, capital intensive resource projects completed during the mining boom between 2011 and 2017, followed by transport and energy sectors commencing in the second stage from 2018. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="eh3pr-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eh3pr-0-0"><span data-offset-key="eh3pr-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="1tqk-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="1tqk-0-0"><span data-offset-key="1tqk-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Engineering Construction</span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="6qfs5-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6qfs5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="6qfs5-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="drob2-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="drob2-0-0"><span data-offset-key="drob2-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The mining boom started in the 2000s but took off after 2010 with many large energy and resource projects. As Figure 3 shows, the value of Engineering work done doubled between 2007 and 2013, and as it did Engineering GVA per person employed increased by around 20%. Engineering GVA per person followed the rise and fall and subsequent fall in the value of work done, and is now well below the peak years. The value of Engineering work done includes associated expenditure on machinery and equipment, so a lot of the increase was due to the capital investment required for the LNG plants, offshore platforms, railways and new mines constructed. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="73q5n-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="73q5n-0-0"><span data-offset-key="73q5n-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="7ob4p-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7ob4p-0-0"><span data-offset-key="7ob4p-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 3. Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Engineering Work Done </span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7ob4p-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjoOsrKgoa0r7wnHbbWtf2Y_wwSjEXqAi7JmU1ebaNwiAlaZCv9OUWOpdNAzJRbr6fb1cANnP1zUu8eB_8z7fn3glZNJ2WdHq-pXOIvf5oMKHR4oYOl_jmjxcKup0kpZiz79Sc9mh5cKA9Hy-Ey4YI_J9-TucDblMiL47ST5wTSCNz2cpzwhHlp-7BjE/s960/GVA3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizjoOsrKgoa0r7wnHbbWtf2Y_wwSjEXqAi7JmU1ebaNwiAlaZCv9OUWOpdNAzJRbr6fb1cANnP1zUu8eB_8z7fn3glZNJ2WdHq-pXOIvf5oMKHR4oYOl_jmjxcKup0kpZiz79Sc9mh5cKA9Hy-Ey4YI_J9-TucDblMiL47ST5wTSCNz2cpzwhHlp-7BjE/w640-h360/GVA3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><span data-offset-key="7ob4p-0-0"><br /></span></span></div></div></div><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="77lhh-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="77lhh-0-0"><span data-offset-key="77lhh-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;">Building Construction and Construction Services</span></div></div><br data-text="true" />Using <span data-offset-key="2jqrc-0-1" style="font-style: italic;">Australian Industry</span> employment data, GVA per person employed can also be found for both Building construction and Construction services as well as Engineering. Here a slight decline in Building has been offset by a small rise in Construction services GVA per person over the 15 years, as GVA per person since 2006-07 in Building has declined slightly, from $179,000 to $148,000 in 2021-22, while it increased for Construction services, from $84,000 to $102,000. As shown in Figure 4, the level of GVA per person in Construction services is around two-thirds of the level for Building construction, because Construction services are generally labour intensive and will therefore have a lower value of output per person. </span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" />The range in output per person employed between Engineering, Building and Construction services reflects the differences in capital requirements of these three sectors, and expenditure on purchases of software, equipment and machinery by firms in the three sectors. The higher the capital requirements, or capital intensity, of an industry, the higher the level of output per person employed is expected to be, because workers with more capital are more productive. Both excavators and shovels require one operator, but the former shifts more soil.</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" />Figure 4. GVA per Person Employed in Engineering, Building and Construction Services</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO1t3MbLaUzQZhPzl5VXDeJ7iZJQ7vuTMl88J-c0Mb4S9_4HT_TFuUR-eVOZcUe2rTud0gYX0mzH89Ql4IpjBApAq-IoKrJFku8N9R6oyXbQIjIx92ovHQ8Mwd2kFSRV71Vde6l2WUMn7t6D-LwUpFpe6M5B_-VD2XtBKibkczFq0iaAgfP6GGkPc9ZA4/s960/GVA4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO1t3MbLaUzQZhPzl5VXDeJ7iZJQ7vuTMl88J-c0Mb4S9_4HT_TFuUR-eVOZcUe2rTud0gYX0mzH89Ql4IpjBApAq-IoKrJFku8N9R6oyXbQIjIx92ovHQ8Mwd2kFSRV71Vde6l2WUMn7t6D-LwUpFpe6M5B_-VD2XtBKibkczFq0iaAgfP6GGkPc9ZA4/w640-h360/GVA4.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The strong relationship between the value of Engineering work done and GVA per person seen in Engineering is not found for Building and the value of Building work done. Despite the increase in the value of Building work done after 2014 there was no increase in GVA per person, rather there was a slight decline as residential building increased during the transition after the mining boom, as shown in Figure 5. This may also be an indicator of increased use of prefabrication and offsite manufacturing reducing the value added of onsite work, but we have no reliable data on that. </span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" />Figure 5. Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Building Work Done </span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1FLs9AImPtkDIEZpmB45-LGO_YCpPAytkNw4OzrpPyRRwb_F73DyiclyC_-UVCZLPXgqKtK8fYvY13wmwpH61dGRceSSehBFbeLYxb-5S1JkPPvDX7Zfl843YnyStCMUqTThNvCJiguq8_oJpL3VAiGlomkkDvil3j7gtRRlkn5cb2gO79JWbUO30r28/s960/GVA6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1FLs9AImPtkDIEZpmB45-LGO_YCpPAytkNw4OzrpPyRRwb_F73DyiclyC_-UVCZLPXgqKtK8fYvY13wmwpH61dGRceSSehBFbeLYxb-5S1JkPPvDX7Zfl843YnyStCMUqTThNvCJiguq8_oJpL3VAiGlomkkDvil3j7gtRRlkn5cb2gO79JWbUO30r28/w640-h360/GVA6.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><div data-draftjs-conductor-fragment="{"blocks":[{"key":"12in","text":"For Construction Services there is real GVA but not real work done data, so total construction work done is used in Figure 6, as the trades work across Building and Engineering. Here, GVA per person does increase as work increases, but peaks in 2016 and then falls away. The number of people employed increased from 723,000 in 2015-16 to 854,000 in 2020-21, and may have contributed to the fall in GVA per person if that increase included many new workers with little experience and limited skills. There was a particularly big increase in employment in 2020-21, when over 60,000 more people were employed in Construction services, and employment grew much faster than work done. As a result, GVA per person dropped by $8,000 before recovering in 2021-22. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":758,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4gtoc","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"afss8","text":"Figure 6. Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Total Construction Work Done ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":82,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}}],"entityMap":{},"VERSION":"9.14.2"}"><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="ffaom-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ffaom-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ffaom-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For Construction Services there is real GVA but not real work done data, so total construction work done is used in Figure 6, as the trades work across Building and Engineering. Here, GVA per person does increase as work increases, but peaks in 2016 and then falls away. The number of people employed increased from 723,000 in 2015-16 to 854,000 in 2020-21, and may have contributed to the fall in GVA per person if that increase included many new workers with little experience and limited skills. There was a particularly big increase in employment in 2020-21, when over 60,000 more people were employed in Construction services, and employment grew much faster than work done. As a result, GVA per person dropped by $8,000 before recovering in 2021-22. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="60buc-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="60buc-0-0"><span data-offset-key="60buc-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="9oi6s-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9oi6s-0-0"><span data-offset-key="9oi6s-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 6. Gross Value Added per Person Employed and Total Construction Work Done </span></span></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgjyS6gQXGlC1nLTinbD3tLeU79OTqEwtJjQwaouFagV_8cLzQAABuQ98eI1WqrkbdivokaqBwSxV5k_XTNf1t2vKZfzB5AtWNYFmAw2e_VgnlmEJMi_3cfowX2cIix6HWhkMuAGONau-5nD39np7n0HJq1dsODfbbkysCukAYlsmWpFx4P-XKTQkjW0/s960/GVA5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgjyS6gQXGlC1nLTinbD3tLeU79OTqEwtJjQwaouFagV_8cLzQAABuQ98eI1WqrkbdivokaqBwSxV5k_XTNf1t2vKZfzB5AtWNYFmAw2e_VgnlmEJMi_3cfowX2cIix6HWhkMuAGONau-5nD39np7n0HJq1dsODfbbkysCukAYlsmWpFx4P-XKTQkjW0/w640-h360/GVA5.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div data-draftjs-conductor-fragment="{"blocks":[{"key":"bp4vv","text":"Conclusion","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"a3r7v","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4290k","text":"Over the last 15 years, construction productivity in Australia has gone through a long cycle and ended up more or less where it began. Rising from $115,000 per person employed in 2007 to $149,000 in 2014, an increase of 29%, GVA per person employed then started falling and was back to $125,000 per person in 2022.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":314,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"d6o21","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"f5gno","text":"This long cycle in Australian construction productivity followed changes in the value of Engineering work done. Productivity increased as Engineering construction rose after 2011, and then decreased as the mining boom ended. This long-run cycle in construction productivity was entirely due to the capital intensive resource projects completed between 2011 and 2017 by Engineering construction, where the machinery and equipment required for LNG plants, offshore platforms and new mines is included in the value of work done. This greatly increased the value of work done, but much of the increase was therefore not invested directly in construction work. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":656,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"7drd1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"a7hgg","text":"The strong relationship between changes in the value of work done and GVA per person seen in Engineering is not found for Building construction or Construction services. The higher capital intensity of Engineering work appears to lift GVA per person with increasing work done, as more expenditure on machinery and equipment is included in this sector compared to building. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":373,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"enath","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"e8amq","text":"Despite the increase in the value of building work done after 2014 there was no increase in Building GVA per person, rather there was a slight decline. For Construction services, GVA per person did increase to 2016 as construction work done increased, before falling away as the number of people employed increased faster than the value of work done. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":351,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"7aoma","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"fbotl","text":"What can be taken from this episode? Firstly, over 15 years there has been little change in overall construction labour productivity and, unlike Engineering, for Building and Construction services increasing work done has seen productivity fall slightly since 2014 as employment increased faster than output. Second, the lack of any real trend in construction productivity, despite changes in output and a continual increase in the number of people employed, suggests the industry is at the limits of efficiency, based on current technology. As output increases the number of people also increases, often a bit more than output but sometimes slightly less, so GVA per person is not improving. Therefore the industry may be somewhere close to the efficiency frontier in delivering projects, but there is no trend at either the industry or sector level of increasing productivity. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":879,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}}],"entityMap":{},"VERSION":"9.14.2"}"><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="2m4tc-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="2m4tc-0-0"><span data-offset-key="2m4tc-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="2m4tc-0-0"><span data-offset-key="2m4tc-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Conclusion</span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="1qdj6-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="1qdj6-0-0"><span data-offset-key="1qdj6-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="bu704-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bu704-0-0"><span data-offset-key="bu704-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Over the last 15 years, construction productivity in Australia has gone through a long cycle and ended up more or less where it began. Rising from $115,000 per person employed in 2007 to $149,000 in 2014, an increase of 29%, GVA per person employed then started falling and was back to $125,000 per person in 2022.</span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="5tdoa-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5tdoa-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5tdoa-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8me7f-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8me7f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8me7f-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This long cycle in Australian construction productivity followed changes in the value of Engineering work done. Productivity increased as Engineering construction rose after 2011, and then decreased as the mining boom ended. This long-run cycle in construction productivity was entirely due to the capital intensive resource projects completed between 2011 and 2017 by Engineering construction, where the machinery and equipment required for LNG plants, offshore platforms and new mines is included in the value of work done. This greatly increased the value of work done, but much of the increase was therefore not invested directly in construction work. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="fkvni-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="fkvni-0-0"><span data-offset-key="fkvni-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cm16q-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cm16q-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cm16q-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The strong relationship between changes in the value of work done and GVA per person seen in Engineering is not found for Building construction or Construction services. The higher capital intensity of Engineering work appears to lift GVA per person with increasing work done, as more expenditure on machinery and equipment is included in this sector compared to building. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="beuti-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="beuti-0-0"><span data-offset-key="beuti-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="f3aqp-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="f3aqp-0-0"><span data-offset-key="f3aqp-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Despite the increase in the value of building work done after 2014 there was no increase in Building GVA per person, rather there was a slight decline. For Construction services, GVA per person did increase to 2016 as construction work done increased, before falling away as the number of people employed increased faster than the value of work done. </span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="5m303-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5m303-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5m303-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="JvlZN rqyPc p7Opnu public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="6sp4q-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6sp4q-0-0"><span data-offset-key="6sp4q-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What can be taken from this episode? Firstly, over 15 years there has been little change in overall construction labour productivity and, unlike Engineering, for Building and Construction services increasing work done has seen productivity fall slightly since 2014 as employment increased faster than output. Second, the lack of any real trend in construction productivity, despite changes in output and a continual increase in the number of people employed, suggests the industry is at the limits of efficiency, based on current technology. As output increases the number of people also increases, often a bit more than output but sometimes slightly less, so GVA per person is not improving. Therefore the industry may be somewhere close to the efficiency frontier in delivering projects, but there is no trend at either the industry or sector level of increasing productivity. </span></span></div></div></div><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3u4u9-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div></div></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-8080520362732036372023-07-08T14:01:00.001+10:002023-07-08T14:11:15.535+10:00Australian Manufacturing of Prefabricated Buildings and Construction Products<p><i> <span face="Calibri, sans-serif">The extent of prefabrication used in Australian construction is unknown and unknowable</span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Australian construction industry is supplied by an extensive manufacturing base that includes a wide and varied range of industries, producing machinery and equipment as well as materials like bricks, glass, concrete, steel and wood. In 2021-22 there were 133,216 people employed in construction related manufacturing in Australia.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes prefabricated buildings in manufacturing, however, the data is limited to the relatively small number of firms that classify themselves as prefab manufacturers, and misses offsite work by firms that may be classified as building or trade contractors, architectural or engineering practices, or work done inhouse in other industries like tourism and aged care. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Therefore, the actual extent and depth of prefabrication used in Australian construction is unknown, and with the data available is largely unknowable. With offsite manufacturing in general, and prefabrication in particular, seen as important to addressing the industry challenges of sustainability, productivity and skills, t</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">he lack of data on how many and what type of prefabricated buildings and components are produced each year in Australia is a significant gap in knowledge and understanding of the industry.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This research starts with the ABS Manufacturing industry data. It then looks at their estimates of the number of dwellings on manufactured home estates and the effects of misclassification on those estimates. The next question addressed is the number and type of firms producing prefabricated buildings. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>Construction Related Manufacturing<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Australian Manufacturing is divided by the ABS into 19 subdivisions, with the subdivisions made up of groups of firms classified by similarities in their products or processes into classes. The ABS gives an industry class an ANZSIC four digit number, and that level of detail allows an estimate of the employment and output of construction related manufacturing to be made. The data comes from the ABS annual publication <i><a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/latest-release" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">Australian Industry</a>.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The largest of the relevant classes are for widely used materials like wood, concrete, steel and glass. Other classes include manufactured products like plaster and ventilation systems. Table 1 shows the industry classes identified as directly contributing to new construction, with the number of people employed in June, and in Table 2 their output as Industry value added (IVA) in current dollars. Figure 1 shows the totals.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Figure 1. Total employment and output</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUn9PR0KgymWJwGdPxqXonHygvN4bjmggjLMVO7-HIAYrZBPZ2GatjiSmIUis8IQpSWIjWT_xTC6Uoul-GSt0TbFx_RifX4OWuF2mhtCQZYOHlxpRf5ovQ7dFj71y4qA_R1WqfwpUMS8Yt6r4QRKO5RxEknKESnmRqF6VkvGLLvSuq-HV27TVmXyFnkww/s1727/CRM%2021-22.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1077" data-original-width="1727" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUn9PR0KgymWJwGdPxqXonHygvN4bjmggjLMVO7-HIAYrZBPZ2GatjiSmIUis8IQpSWIjWT_xTC6Uoul-GSt0TbFx_RifX4OWuF2mhtCQZYOHlxpRf5ovQ7dFj71y4qA_R1WqfwpUMS8Yt6r4QRKO5RxEknKESnmRqF6VkvGLLvSuq-HV27TVmXyFnkww/w640-h400/CRM%2021-22.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 2021-22 construction related manufacturing was 16% of total manufacturing IVA and employment, having increased from 15% in 2014-15.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdWYR2TsJ598HD4gV2N-aCu6YHMN49tBhRv4gEQWDQpTmuKNeOnpPfJbEhlWCVhtKYuntifHrbCi0BLyd8exInks1qwN3nfz6sMTnTW9j5JuBZh3NCj9omVCNGyWGA1CdNpZj5Sb2eYdqeQBXO4DI_yYg8B5zow1AANb6IACLqxR9dXclm-5RRC0B6qG0/s600/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.56.47%20pm.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="472" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdWYR2TsJ598HD4gV2N-aCu6YHMN49tBhRv4gEQWDQpTmuKNeOnpPfJbEhlWCVhtKYuntifHrbCi0BLyd8exInks1qwN3nfz6sMTnTW9j5JuBZh3NCj9omVCNGyWGA1CdNpZj5Sb2eYdqeQBXO4DI_yYg8B5zow1AANb6IACLqxR9dXclm-5RRC0B6qG0/w504-h640/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.56.47%20pm.png" width="504" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Firms self-select the ANZSIC industry code used to classify them into an industry class. <span>Some building companies like Sekisui Australia, Hickory and Hutchinson have offsite facilities but are not manufacturers. </span>A smaller builder that does some modular or offsite construction might be classed as a building contractor or a construction trade such as Carpentry services. Prefabricated buildings produced inhouse by an organisation in an industry like transport, tourism or retirement villages will not be included in manufacturing. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Therefore, there is some give and take as regards to what is included in and excluded from these industries, an outcome of the ANZSIC classification system. Some building products are not included, like floorboards, carpets and insulation, because they belong to larger product groups and can’t be separated in the data. On the other hand, industries included here like Glass products and Paint and coatings supply a range of other industries besides construction.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The four largest manufacturing industries supplying construction add up to nearly 75,000 people employed producing over $8 billion in added value in 2021-22, in Table 3. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXM4wJlIgT1XFneGDSP1bOcz_xirpbmhnI9sxVyVW9579O6-SUhopHag9v3ogS2WaJwy_sxfQ0DMxCZTk8I6JqMAeCFagSv9tf9vb8kKR7ukFVpaUZkC3LdoUHP-6Im4LS5DGbb6gNVh8scy217-jgnIpBpkiRSRiwuUwOb8nCDfUXTlUlPXcEPaLZ6g/s441/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.57.31%20pm.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="441" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXM4wJlIgT1XFneGDSP1bOcz_xirpbmhnI9sxVyVW9579O6-SUhopHag9v3ogS2WaJwy_sxfQ0DMxCZTk8I6JqMAeCFagSv9tf9vb8kKR7ukFVpaUZkC3LdoUHP-6Im4LS5DGbb6gNVh8scy217-jgnIpBpkiRSRiwuUwOb8nCDfUXTlUlPXcEPaLZ6g/w640-h336/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.57.31%20pm.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>Prefabricated Buildings and Concrete<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are two industries producing prefabricated buildings, of wood and metal respectively. These have grown significantly since 2014, although the big jump in IVA in 2022 may be revised in next year’s release. Nearly 10,000 people produce wood and steel prefabricated buildings. The ABS does not have data on what types of buildings are produced (i.e. residential, commercial, institutional etc.). Wooden building prefab is a very small industry, in 2021-22 total income was only $688 million and IVA was $251mn, compared to prefab steel building with income of $3.5 billion and an IVA over $1.1bn. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Concrete product manufacturing employed 7,670 people, a substantial industry that produces pots and bricks, but also prefabricated elements and buildings. The precast concrete industry is highly concentrated, with six major firms (ADBRI, Brickworks, CSR, CTC Precast, James Hardie, Holcim) and a large number of small and medium size firms around the country. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The combined total of offsite construction in 2021-22 was over 17,000 people employed and an IVA of $2.4 billion. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpinZtbjLWAYXnLKJ--M8_Pdj64QsHbXCiduRdHKKh6SZcRQHieBNlwa4_TLZbIl1d84kiZ_iQmkVmpMlDHl95nhwTnOXQ5sBhVVFjgMbyMQY7Bj0klSgpziaW93RZrC_Eo1w252uxSCSkl5O820SBwEoNHyqQIUV2PpslN3qFjYc-xzSkxh4oF_1eg3U/s441/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.58.04%20pm.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="441" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpinZtbjLWAYXnLKJ--M8_Pdj64QsHbXCiduRdHKKh6SZcRQHieBNlwa4_TLZbIl1d84kiZ_iQmkVmpMlDHl95nhwTnOXQ5sBhVVFjgMbyMQY7Bj0klSgpziaW93RZrC_Eo1w252uxSCSkl5O820SBwEoNHyqQIUV2PpslN3qFjYc-xzSkxh4oF_1eg3U/w640-h278/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.58.04%20pm.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The share of wood and steel prefabricated buildings in total construction related manufacturing (in Figure 2) increased by nearly half between 2014-15 and 2021-22. This may be the strongest signal in this data of the uptake of modern methods of construction and increasing use of offsite construction. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Figure 2. Wood and steel building’s share of total construction related manufacturing</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHAb2a94PG2RO9Pvfuyh54g9hwpWUlJf6zqC9Trtv5PqcXiIGy_ZEOdZfXVUaz1kX2ODpj-NMxPuzUdMGVur5j1RA-E28uPu256ZJCIn4VAW_s2fBy6nRr5RqCOJeE7nqSNoaNuajDUJbntLEuqMgKZkRqrDXoRmSmaNpZyUvlCdgBshk4aQts0RsjCzg/s1952/Prefab%2021-22.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="1952" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHAb2a94PG2RO9Pvfuyh54g9hwpWUlJf6zqC9Trtv5PqcXiIGy_ZEOdZfXVUaz1kX2ODpj-NMxPuzUdMGVur5j1RA-E28uPu256ZJCIn4VAW_s2fBy6nRr5RqCOJeE7nqSNoaNuajDUJbntLEuqMgKZkRqrDXoRmSmaNpZyUvlCdgBshk4aQts0RsjCzg/w640-h426/Prefab%2021-22.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>How Many Manufactured Homes?<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The 2021 ABS <a href="applewebdata://B2775993-50B6-495C-ADC7-386B331C5C92/Australian%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics%202021,%C2%A0Housing:%20Census,%20ABS,%20viewed%2022%20June%202023,%20%3chttps:/www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/housing-census/2021%3e." style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">Housing Census</a> dwelling location data includes manufactured home estates and long term residents in caravan parks, and there were over 10,000 of these manufactured houses in Australia, and another 2,000 townhouses and apartments (Table 5). Unfortunately, the 2016 Census housing data did not include this category. The ABS had a separate category for Retirement villages in the 2021 Census, with over 200,000 dwellings included. An unknown proportion of those retirement villages are manufactured housing. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Ff7nyPV4SSnbqtZj_OTUA3gM3Ibk53zgKjpyYQOAqeEKT9gu6KJTJHnaXXUTmL5tBoheBxGQQ1PGIuJWieqVCdN_lU58ufIQtG3ZniF7BTPi4VfvbxPcawVcWmOmJ2nCpdzcBrsz18Cal0pncKWSGrqc0oYm690LKfW0TKc8xqTD6FhVyWgVQUfO_xA/s441/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.58.22%20pm.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="185" data-original-width="441" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Ff7nyPV4SSnbqtZj_OTUA3gM3Ibk53zgKjpyYQOAqeEKT9gu6KJTJHnaXXUTmL5tBoheBxGQQ1PGIuJWieqVCdN_lU58ufIQtG3ZniF7BTPi4VfvbxPcawVcWmOmJ2nCpdzcBrsz18Cal0pncKWSGrqc0oYm690LKfW0TKc8xqTD6FhVyWgVQUfO_xA/w640-h269/Screenshot%202023-07-07%20at%204.58.22%20pm.png" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;">The ABS website </span><a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/guide-census-data/census-dictionary/2021/variables-topic/housing/dwelling-location-dlod" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="background: repeat white;">explains</span></a><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;"> their methods:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;">Dwelling location data was recorded by ABS Address Canvassing Officers in the lead up to the 2016 Census as a once-off part of establishing the Address Register as a mail-out frame for designated areas. Dwelling location was also verified or collected by ABS Field Officers during the 2016 and 2021 Census collection periods.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;">In rare cases, an establishment may fall into more than one category of dwelling location, such as a retirement village that contains manufactured homes, or a residential park that is made up of a mixture of caravans and manufactured homes. However, a dwelling can only be allocated to a single category and in these cases a determination was made during Census processing of the most appropriate category for the dwellings in question. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span>And therein lies the problem, manufactured homes that are not on an estate but within a retirement village. </span><a href="https://www.stantonsresearch.com.au/_files/ugd/78eed2_09fa735a9a6143c1b4213b01824b0475.pdf" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;"><span>Research</span></a><span> on ABS data on retirement villages and manufactured housing estates (MHEs) by Lois Towart found that compared to the 2016 Census “the 2021 Census is significantly more accurate in identifying and recording retirement villages. The issue is the numbers of caravan parks and MHEs that are recorded as retirement villages. This overstates both the size of the sector and the population.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span>In her study of 112 retirement villages and 101 caravan parks and MHEs in the Central Coast, Newcastle and Hunter regions in NSW, individual properties were reconciled with small area (SA1) ABS Census data for the 2021 Census. “These are retiree destinations with large numbers of retirement villages and MHEs operated as retirement living’ and</span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;"> </span><span>“examination of classification by the ABS demonstrates that for the 2021 Census when the dwelling location for caravan parks, MHEs and retirement villages is combined, then the total population is relatively accurate. The inaccuracy is the recording of caravan parks and MHEs as retirement villages.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">How large is this problem? The Census data in Towart’s research has the total number of people living in retirement villages in 2011, 2016 and 2021 as 154,579, then 205,709, and in 2021 249,262. That increase of almost 100,000 people implies at least another 50,000 dwellings, and probably more than 60,000 given the age of this population. An unknown number of those new dwellings were prefabricated. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Some retirement village operators offer sites for relocatable homes, but these will not be classified as MHEs. The construction methods some others use will be based on prefabricated pods and modules, probably sourced locally from a small company. Much of this offsite production might be done by firms not classified as manufacturing buildings. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>How Many Producers of Prefabricated Buildings Are There?<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The membership directory of <a href="https://www.prefabaus.org.au/" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">prefabAus</a> lists 9 companies as ‘end-to-end modular’ builders, and there are a dozen other member companies that produce prefabricated buildings or modules. Adding results from other web searches gives a list of 39 companies:<o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style="border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Anchor Homes</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Archiblox </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Arkit</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ausco Modular Construction </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Black Diamond Modular Buildings</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Carbonlite</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Cubehaus</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ecoshelta</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ecoliv buildings</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 24px;">Ehabitat</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 24px;">Fairweather Homes </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Fleetwood Australia</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Harwyn</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Hickory Group</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Hutchinson Builders</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Hunter Valley Modular Homes</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Habitech Systems</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Intermode</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">K.L. Modular Systems </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Landmark Products </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Maap House</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Marathon Modular</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Mode Homes</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Modscape</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Parkwood</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Prebuilt Commercial</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pretect</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">PT Blink</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Shawood by Sekisui House</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Spanbilt Pty Limited</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 24px;">Strine Environments </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Strongbuild Manufacturing</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sumitomo Forestry Australia</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #13293d; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Swan Hill Engineering</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Uniplan Group</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: repeat white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 24px;">Valley Workshop </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Volo Modular</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">XLam</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Zen Architects</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">In this (undoubtedly) incomplete list there are substantial companies like Ausco, Modscape and Prebuilt, but many are small firms. Several are engineering and architectural practices that would not be classified as manufacturers. Included are large building contractors like Hickory and Hutchinson, developers like Sekisui and Parkwood, and corporates like Strongbuild and Sumitomo. XLam manufactures cross laminated timber, PT Blink has a design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) platform. There are also firms that specialise in prefab school buildings, like Marathon,<span style="color: #111111;"> Pretect</span> and<span style="color: #111111;"> Harwyn</span>.<span style="color: #111111;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Overall it looks like a fragmented market with a few major firms and a large number of small producers, specialised by type of material and type of building produced. Because of transport costs and marketing reach, many producers would be expected to be local and focus on a region. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The diversity of firms in this list highlights the difficulty the ABS would face in measuring the prefabricated building industry. As well as manufacturing, other ANZSIC industries they come from are construction, professional services and business services. With the ABS moving away from surveys to digital data, this sort of detailed data spread across a number of industries is hard to collect. Then there is the question of defining what is prefab and modular construction, which would be needed to organise any data collected and estimate how much is being produced. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>Deloitte 2023 Industry Survey <o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another piece of information comes from the Deloitte Access Economics 2023<a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/economics/articles/state-digital-adoption-construction-report-2023.html" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;"> State of Digital Adoption in Construction Report</a>, which found 34% of the 229 firms in their survey used prefab and modular construction. The survey sample was from Australia (132), Singapore (38 firms) and Japan (59 firms), and the firms were from Building and construction (144), Architecture (86), Engineering (79) and Other (65). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The survey ranked 16 digital technologies with BIM, construction management cloud software and drones used by around 40% of firm the leaders, followed by prefab and modular where, of the 229 firms, 34% are using it already and 28% are planning to in the future. The remaining 38% are not intending to use it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That means 76 of the 229 firms use prefab, and its possible that many of them are in the Building and construction category, which would mean up to half of the 144 firms in that category are using prefab and modular. An unknown proportion of those firms are Japanese and Singaporean, where the use of prefab and modular has been supported by government policy and is more extensive than in Australia. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The report included a few more data points:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">‘Larger businesses in the survey used significantly more technologies on average, with businesses that have more than 500 employees using an average of seven different technologies, compared with four technologies for those with fewer than 500 employees.’ <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Businesses used five of the 16 technologies on average, and about 10% were using more than ten different technologies.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Newer businesses are investing in new technologies, with ‘businesses less than 10 years old investing 80% more than those in operation for 20 years or more.’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The survey does not allow much beyond reinforcing the generalisation that large companies, particularly building contractors, are more likely to be using prefab and modular construction. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b>Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Construction related manufacturing is a significant part of Australian manufacturing, and its share of total manufacturing employment and IVA has increased from 15% in 2014-15 to 16% in 2021-22. There are 17 ANZSIC industry classes included in construction related manufacturing, using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics annual publication <i><a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/latest-release" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">Australian Industry</a>. </i><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The two industry classes for prefabricated buildings are relatively small, but have had rapid recent growth. The share of the combined wood and metal prefabricated building classes in total construction related manufacturing increased by nearly half between 2014-15 and 2021-22. However, wooden building prefab is a very small industry, employing 1,253 people in 2021-21, compared to prefab metal building with 8,144 people employed. The ABS does not have data on what types of buildings are produced (i.e. residential, commercial, mining, institutional etc.). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The ABS 2021 <a href="applewebdata://B2775993-50B6-495C-ADC7-386B331C5C92/Australian%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics%202021,%C2%A0Housing:%20Census,%20ABS,%20viewed%2022%20June%202023,%20%3chttps:/www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/housing-census/2021%3e." style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">Housing Census</a> found 10,000 manufactured houses in Australia, and another 2,000 townhouses and apartments . This does not include the 200,000 dwellings ABS has in a separate category for Retirement villages. An unknown proportion of those retirement villages are manufactured housing. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The ABS data also does not include offsite work done by firms classified as building or trade contractors, architectural or engineering practices, or work done inhouse in industries like transport, tourism and aged care. The problem the ABS would have measuring the prefabricated building industry is that the ANZSIC industries firms involved come from include manufacturing, construction, professional services and business services, and this sort of detailed data spread across different industries is hard to collect.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A list of 39 firms producing prefab and modular buildings was compiled from prefabAUS members and web pages. This appears to be a<span> market with few major firms and a large number of small local producers, specialised by type of material and type of building produced. The industries they come from include engineering and architectural practices, building contractors, and corporates, and any modules or buildings these firms produce will not be found in the ABS manufacturing statistics. This is not a criticism of the ABS, it is an outcome of the classification system used internationally for industry data. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">The extent and scale of prefabrication used in Australian construction is unknown, and currently is unknowable. Based on available evidence it is mainly used in specific sectors like the mining industry, education, low cost housing, aged care and retirement villages. There is no evidence that it is cost competitive with conventional construction methods for the great majority of projects. This may be because prefab is a developing industry, or because economies of scale are not as great as expected. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">With offsite manufacturing in general, and prefabrication in particular, being seen as important to addressing the industry challenges of sustainability, productivity and skills, this lack of data is regrettable, and t</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">he lack of data on how many and what type of prefabricated buildings and components are produced each year in Australia is a problem if an objective of industry policy is to increase the use of prefab and modular construction. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-58211450846741518342023-06-14T18:03:00.003+10:002023-11-26T13:36:32.291+11:00Getting a Broad View of Constructing the Built Environment<p><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">A Satellite Account for Built Environment </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">Industries</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">How the built environment is created and maintained through project initiation, design, fabrication and construction to operation, repair and maintenance is an ongoing process. The network of firms involved includes construction contractors</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and subcontractors</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, property management and real estate services, manufacturers of fittings, finishings, plant and equipment, suppliers of building materials, and professional services</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. All these firms belong to industries that are part of the process of producing and maintaining the built environment. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">National agencies collect data and present it in tables following the format given in the <i>System of National Accounts </i>(SNA) published by the UN. The national accounts present highly aggregated estimates of expenditure, output and income based on the detailed data collected on the economic activities of households, firms, non-profits and government. That data is collected using the methods, definitions and categories provided in the SNA, ISIC</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and other publications. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Firms and other organizations are assigned ISIC codes on the basis of common characteristics in products, services, production processes and logistics, and collects companies and other organizations into groups with similar characteristics.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Industries as defined by SIC</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> classifications cannot capture all their associated economic activities, and when economic activities involve a range of different industries the contribution of a sector is not obvious, despite its importance. Because the ISIC</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> system puts strict boundaries around an industry, what is included or left out of the definition of an industry determines its extent. However, inclusions and exclusions vary greatly between industries and there are many anomalies. Examples are:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Health insurance is included in Insurance not in health expenditure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Retail sales by chemists is included in Pharmaceutical expenditure as well as manufacturing and R&D</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Research is classified to industries not by purpose, and often done by institutions<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Automobile manufacture includes design, Construction does not <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The solution to the issues raised by narrow SIC</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> industry definitions is a satellite account</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> that reclassifies expenditures from different industry groupings into a single sector. Satellite accounts have been produced for many sectors that are made up of several industries, such as health, the digital economy, the environment, R&D</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, the space industry, and infrastructure. They have also been produced for non-profit institutions, volunteering, education and training, and unpaid household activities. They are used to provide more detail on sectors that are not visible in current statistics, following <a href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf.">guidelines</a> provided by the SNA for their preparation. The most widely found satellite account is for tourism, so far produced at various times for over 50 countries. This brings together the contributions of industries like travel, accommodation, hospitality, tour operators and entertainment to estimate their total output and employment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The primary purpose of satellite accounts is to improve policy-making by providing better, more granular data, and demand for satellite accounts has increased as their usefulness has been shown. A 2019 <a href="https://unece.org/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2019/ECE_CES_2019_18-G1910795E.pdf">survey</a> by the UN found </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">80 countries had produced 241 satellite accounts covering over 20 different topics, with 148 of those done since 2000, mainly on health, tourism and the environment. The number produced by country varied from one to 15, the median number of satellite accounts in production was 2 and the average was 4. As a result, there are many guidelines for producing a satellite account</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> available, usually produced through international collaboration, and the methodology has been adapted to a wide variety of sectors. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="line-height: 13.8px;"><a name="_Toc99381410"></a><a name="_Toc99619337"></a><a name="_Toc99786754"></a><a name="_Toc99787086"></a><a name="_Toc100048914"></a><a name="_Toc101259199"></a><a name="_Toc113293509"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 18.4px;">Figure </span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 18.4px;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 18.4px;">. Number of satellite accounts by sector</span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="line-height: 13.8px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaZ1rGpb27ERkzGF22scOtjHpL27NA0CEMsBs0OZ3-tNnekhtrQ8La2j4iCg1DhijSjFDky2LSfitVOZfWAWxw7xlUFFXrDf7xhtYD7AHmUewmwnn3ZlYsCuQ8JN68xcjljJmDbWuOV4zSIy1n7LZk9EySr8hDISJz6quPDibZ_jrpTDXoRPxl06jX/s453/Sat%20ac.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="453" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaZ1rGpb27ERkzGF22scOtjHpL27NA0CEMsBs0OZ3-tNnekhtrQ8La2j4iCg1DhijSjFDky2LSfitVOZfWAWxw7xlUFFXrDf7xhtYD7AHmUewmwnn3ZlYsCuQ8JN68xcjljJmDbWuOV4zSIy1n7LZk9EySr8hDISJz6quPDibZ_jrpTDXoRPxl06jX/w400-h345/Sat%20ac.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Source: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Conference of European Statisticians, 2019: 11. <i>In-depth review of satellite accounting</i>, Paris: UNECE.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Preparation of a satellite account</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> requires significant research and development. Different data sources have to be harmonized and measurement challenges met. The OECD </span><span style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">published </span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">A <a href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/a-system-of-health-accounts_9789264116016-en">System of Health Accounts</a></span></i><span style="background: repeat white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> in 2000 (updated 2011) after 15 years of development of the concepts and methods needed for a health satellite account, and the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) worked on their R&D</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> satellite account for over a decade. However, the research is being done and more satellite accounts are being produced, such as the 2020 estimates for <i><a href="https://www.bea.gov/research/papers/2020/measuring-small-business-economy">The Small Business Economy</a>,</i> and the <i><a href="https://www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/space-economy">Space Economy</a></i>. In 2021 the OECD published the first Working Paper on a <a href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/developing-thematic-satellite-accounts_b833cbfa-en">Transport</a> satellite account.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">A built environment sector</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> satellite account</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> would restrict its scope to relevant activities, and would therefore remain within the production, consumption and asset boundaries of the SNA framework, a type of satellite account known as a thematic account. Some examples of thematic accounts are agriculture, tourism, culture, and sport and recreation. Developing a sector based thematic account involves regrouping, re-arranging and re-packaging existing national accounts data by creating definitions of the economic activities, products, suppliers and users involved.<a href="applewebdata://E1484BE9-DD74-4D70-8364-5D32A2C8251F#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a> In some cases the national accounts data is supplemented by other sources, such as surveys of household activities or expenditure, that collect data on the use of products and supply of services not otherwise available. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Despite issues of data quality and availability, bringing together the range of industries that contribute to the production, maintenance and management of cities, infrastructure and buildings in a satellite account</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> would improve our understanding of both the sector and the wider economy. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">For example, urban development and city policies involve significant infrastructure spending, which is often their main focus. However, it is the associated induced industrial, commercial and residential development around the new infrastructure that drives longer-term growth. A satellite account captures that activity. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="line-height: 13.8px;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="edn1"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a href="applewebdata://E1484BE9-DD74-4D70-8364-5D32A2C8251F#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;"> In selecting a number of industries of special interest ‘It is common practice to refer to such groupings of industries as “sectors” even though they do not constitute institutional sectors as the term is used in the SNA. The SNA does not try to provide specific and precise criteria for the definition of what identifies a key sector or activity….. in some important cases, such as tourism and environmental protection activities, the process of identification of characteristic and connected products is complex because not all the relevant activities and products appear in the central framework classifications.’ <span style="background: repeat white;">OECD, 2000. </span><i>A System of Health Accounts</i><span style="background: repeat white;">, OECD Publishing, Paris. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: repeat white; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> <span> </span></o:p></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">Characteristic products are those that are typical of the field, for construction characteristic products are buildings and structures, project management and other professional services</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">. Connected goods and services includes expenditure on products that are not typical and are classified to other product categories. In construction quarrying, manufactured products and transportation of materials and components may be considered connected.</span></p></div></div><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-77156580526463705582023-05-29T12:11:00.000+10:002023-05-29T12:11:25.854+10:00Construction is Not a Service Industry<p><i> <span color="var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset);">Intermediate Inputs Show Construction is a Production Industry</span><span color="var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset);"> </span></i></p><div data-hook="rcv-block1" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-72dt0" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block2" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-1o9pl" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There is no agreement on what the construction industry produces. Some researchers believe the industry provides services (management, coordination, finance), others believe the industry delivers products (buildings and structures). The former group argues that the main task of the industry is one of coordinating site processes while the latter are more concerned with the physical production of buildings and works. </span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block3" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-34qji" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block4" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-6dkun" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Is the industry’s output a service, the management of construction, or a product? Construction can be seen as a service industry because the industry uses subcontractors to do the majority of work onsite. The role of builders and contractors is to organise the production process, providing a service, while the delivery of the product (a building or structure) is the responsibility of the subcontractors who carry out the work. </span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block5" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-fe6tg" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; 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font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By restricting analysis to the level of main contractors, it is a logical step to argue that the role of contractors is to provide management services for clients. Therefore the industry is a service industry, like finance and health, not a goods producing industry like mining or manufacturing.</span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block7" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-380tj" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block8" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-5ssnn" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">While right about the role of contractors as managers, this mistakes one part of construction for the whole. Contractors are responsible for the purchase of all the intermediate inputs required for their projects, such as supplies of materials and components. Subcontracted onsite work is only one part of the production process, and the contractor is responsible for the final product.</span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block9" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-4fmmq" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block10" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-ba0i3" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-supply-use-tables/latest-release#data-downloads" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-link-color,var(--ricos-action-color,#0261ff)); cursor: pointer; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-link-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-link-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-link-font-style,unset); line-height: var(--ricos-custom-link-line-height,unset); margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-link-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-link-text-decoration,none); vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u class="_3zM-5" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Data</u></span></a><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> from the Australian Bureau of Statistics supports the product view of construction, using the relative contribution to industry Output of Total Intermediate Use (TIU) and Gross Value Added (GVA). The ABS explains:</span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block11" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-61k7i" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block12" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth1 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-51chd" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The graph illustrates the relative contribution to total Output of Australian Production by Total Intermediate Use (TIU) and Gross Value Added (GVA) components for 2020-21. The TIU to Output ratio for industries that primarily produce goods is typically different to that of industries that primarily provide services. Industries producing goods - Agriculture, Mining and Manufacturing – require relatively large amounts of material intermediate inputs, usually resulting in a higher TIU to Output ratio. </span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block13" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth1 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-d0ahc" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block14" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth1 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-1oa1p" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In contrast, service based industries such as Financial and Insurance Services, Education and Training, Health Care and Social Assistance have a much lower TIU to Output ratio as they rely more heavily on labour inputs. For example, Education and Training, Health Care and Social Assistance have TIU to Output ratios of 30.7% and 31.7% respectively. </span></span></span><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block15" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-bh32e" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ZrR0RnOMco5DcIqlsLSmVQgLINbqWxf7Z04K4tKsNp4aWXvoyvb3q8ImfQFOJJZ9wHOSTlthWw-xdUjH5BEgB_FUOWppPF1I9efsBXe-pn43M8PtpPvP1pTLMjFIBraK--tIUgkcCzARMKLsRnqvX10NAuSQElvXftMWikTtofAPQVayBaLyoytP/s2700/Output%20Composition%20by%20Industry%202020-21.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2700" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ZrR0RnOMco5DcIqlsLSmVQgLINbqWxf7Z04K4tKsNp4aWXvoyvb3q8ImfQFOJJZ9wHOSTlthWw-xdUjH5BEgB_FUOWppPF1I9efsBXe-pn43M8PtpPvP1pTLMjFIBraK--tIUgkcCzARMKLsRnqvX10NAuSQElvXftMWikTtofAPQVayBaLyoytP/w640-h357/Output%20Composition%20by%20Industry%202020-21.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-size: 12.000001px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The ratio of TIU to total output shows manufacturing with 72% and Construction at 70% are the industries with the highest levels. The majority of industries are around the 50% level.</span></span></span><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-size: 12.000001px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNysrUTIOUSvdgggXEjU7UX23WtkwAGPoPiP7pJaa9EVKpky6oveygQzongykADSf27UdW4YHIEtgvOBRtY33X0ZbsrkEx3XtofHNF49-19XHX_Zdog9ACOnHDafv28WkMuHh25GiMzq0B9KKUhMEaBEnnUVT9QZy-GyJ5DKebyPcDbdvQbh5lXT-t/s462/Screenshot%202023-05-29%20at%2010.45.37%20am.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="462" height="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNysrUTIOUSvdgggXEjU7UX23WtkwAGPoPiP7pJaa9EVKpky6oveygQzongykADSf27UdW4YHIEtgvOBRtY33X0ZbsrkEx3XtofHNF49-19XHX_Zdog9ACOnHDafv28WkMuHh25GiMzq0B9KKUhMEaBEnnUVT9QZy-GyJ5DKebyPcDbdvQbh5lXT-t/w640-h638/Screenshot%202023-05-29%20at%2010.45.37%20am.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _78FBa qEvi6J WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-uni" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.4; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify !important; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">definition</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">of</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">construction</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">there</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">are</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">two</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">views. </span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">one</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hand</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">is</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">view</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">that</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">it</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">is</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">management</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">of</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">production</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">process,</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">and</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">therefore</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">service. </span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">other</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hand</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">some</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">researchers</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">see</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">output</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">as</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">production</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">of</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">buildings</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">and</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">structures,</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">physical</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">products</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">with</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">certain</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">characteristics</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">that</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">differentiate</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">construction</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">from</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">manufacturing</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">or</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">other</span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">industries. </span></span></span></p><div data-hook="rcv-block24" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" type="paragraph"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _78FBa qEvi6J WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-1j471" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); line-height: 2.4; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify !important; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block25" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;" type="empty-line"></div><p class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-b4sb1" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The view that construction is a service industry is based on the role of contractors providing management of projects, which is a business service. However, service industries typically have a high share of labour costs and a low share of intermediate inputs, but the intermediate input share of construction output is 70%. Therefore, construction is not a service industry. </span></span></span></p></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block16" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><div class="mm8Nw _1j-51 WkT0MK _1FoOD _3M0Fe T3Ond1 WkT0MK public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 fixed-tab-size public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr" id="viewer-86c36" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); direction: ltr; font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: 2.2; margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="_2PHJq public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span></span></div><div data-hook="rcv-block17" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="empty-line"></div><div class="_2vd5k iG0hRj" id="viewer-clh64" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="_3CWa- N9BmOG N9BmOG _3mymk" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: helvetica-w01-light, helvetica-w02-light, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="_2kEVY" data-hook="imageViewer" role="button" style="background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--ricos-custom-p-color,unset); font-family: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-family,unset); font-size: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-size,unset); font-style: var(--ricos-custom-p-font-style,unset); line-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-line-height,unset); margin: 0px; min-height: var(--ricos-custom-p-min-height,unset); outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: var(--ricos-custom-p-text-decoration,unset); vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><div class="_3WJnn _2i-Gt _2Ybje" id="new-image4851749" style="--dim-height: 1500; --dim-width: 2700; aspect-ratio: var(--dim-width)/var(--dim-height); background: repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 640px;"></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-36061331462462695832023-05-01T10:24:00.000+10:002023-05-01T10:24:31.601+10:00Incremental Innovation in Construction<p><i><span style="font-size: large;"> <a name="_Toc113293386" style="color: #1f3763; font-family: "Calibri Light", sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The example of concrete</span></a></span></i></p><div><a name="_Toc113293386"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></a></div><div><a name="_Toc113293386"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Construction of the built environment has an interlocking set of economic, political, legal, and social barriers that make innovating difficult. As long as current technology meets the expectations of clients and users for prices and dominant products, there will be significant market imperfections such as network economies, lumpiness, split incentives, requirements for collective action, and transaction costs that inhibit diffusion of more efficient, advanced technologies. There is also an institutional structure</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> that imposes regulatory hurdles or other policy disadvantages, favours existing technology or discourages new entrants</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, and a financing system based around incumbents</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. Educational curricula, career paths, and professional standards use existing technology. And because organizations, people and technical standards are embedded within a production system, the tendency is for technologies to develop along defined trajectories unless or until deflected by a powerful external force.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Construction of the built environment is a project-based system of production</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> with complex professional, organizational, contractual and working relationships, and is geographically distributed. Moreover, the context is one of wider networks containing many small and medium size firms with a range of organizational and institutional relationships, where external contracting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> is common. All these factors are seen as inhibiting, although not preventing, innovation and diffusion of new technology. Within such a system incremental innovation improves industry products and processes without affecting the structure of the system. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In construction, many technical advances have come from materials suppliers or component, plant and equipment manufacturers, who have been responsible for the introduction of new products and equipment, such as excavators, cranes, facades and lifts, using incremental innovation directed at improving existing products and processes. Across the construction supply chain firms don’t create new industrial networks to develop or exploit new technologies such as lifts and elevators, glass facades, and interior wall systems, instead these firms become part of the existing network, which is the modern construction production system. As a well-developed industrial system many of its sub-markets are expected to be concentrated and oligopolistic, with a few large, well-established firms exactly like those economic historian Joseph Schumpeter suggested would be most likely to engage in R&D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, invention and innovation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The process where inventions are developed, tested and extended, and finally put into production is one of incremental innovation. Firms refine specific parts of a production system, usually in response to something changing elsewhere in the system as production and distribution methods evolve over time, step by step. Although this form of innovation is incremental, it should not be dismissed as unimportant. Examples are the increase since 1950 of mining truck loads from 4 to 400 tonnes and the increase in lifting capacity of tower cranes to over 1,000 tonnes. Another example is the development of computer-aided design (CAD) software, which went on for two decades before Autodesk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> was started in 1982, one year after the first IBM</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> PC. Over the decades Building information models (BIM</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">) have advanced through 2D and 3D versions to the 4D (schedule) and 5D (cost) iterations today. Now software linked to cameras on helmets or drones</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> can provide real time augmented reality</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> (AR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">) images from a building site linked to the BIM model of the project.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Building and construction products and processes are the outcome of a long development path. Many of the industry’s global leaders are well-established, Bechtel for example is over 100 years old, and other firms like Hochtief, Skanska</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, and AECOM can trace their origin stories back over a similar period. Shimizu is over 200 years old. Most of today’s manufacturers also have their roots in nineteenth century firms. It’s a remarkable fact that construction today is a production system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> that has been developing for more than 150 years, since the arrival of steam, steel and concrete</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, using incremental innovation to gradually improve products and processes. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></a><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc113293386"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In the industry life cycle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, after emergence and the initial growth stage, technology stabilises around standardised products and processes. In many cases industries are oligopolistic, with a few specialized firms in market niches or layers in the supply chain. Consolidation leads to industry concentration with large firms</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> dominating their markets, the car industry is an example. Construction materials like cement, concrete</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and glass, and components like building management systems, interior walls, plumbing fixtures, lifts and elevators are all oligopolistic industries in an established supply chain.</span></a><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><i>Incremental Innovation: The example of concrete </i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The development of concrete is an example of how effective incremental innovation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> in construction can be. By the 1880s the increasingly widespread use of concrete</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> had changed its status from hobby to a modern industry, as scientific investigation into its material properties revealed its shear and compressive characteristics. With the development of reinforced concrete there was change in architectural concepts of structures and approaches to building with concrete. The industrial standards of concrete technology influenced ways of thinking based on building systems and standardized building elements. These became identified with what was known as the Hennebique</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> System, a simple to use system of building with reinforced concrete columns and beams patented in 1892. By 1905 Hennebique’s system had spread across Europe and elsewhere and his company employed 380 people in 50 offices with 10,000 workers onsite.<a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Concrete then set the agenda for the development of construction as a technological system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> over the next hundred years driven by the modernist movement in architecture, as it explored the possibilities of these material for increasing the height and scale of buildings, and modern construction materials and methods.<a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></a> For over one hundred years, since Hennebique</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, there has been ongoing refinement and development of the world’s most widely used construction material, as shown in Table 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Concrete shows how incremental innovation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> in materials played a significant role in the reorganization of site production methods as mixers, pumps and chemicals were refined and developed in a long process of interconnected innovations. One of the characteristics of a successful technology are these spillover effects, with advances in one industry leading to complimentary developments in related industries. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="break-after: avoid; color: #44546a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc113293575"></a><a name="_Toc97475958"></a><a name="_Toc97551106"></a><a name="_Toc99381414"></a><a name="_Toc101259049"></a><a name="_Toc101259137"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;">Table </span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;">. Incremental innovation in concrete</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"> since 1800</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="break-after: avoid; color: #44546a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGH7xzgmC8J_pHSyPTxU8nT2El-3lY0UI54pAoE35R2t2K_Zhl1dsP2VkfgHQFKZX2JSQgyFMXYMa9v3UKt45L993qngW-h9VaeRCB41O_t6XKxir5ZRBMuMO4VmZ7EmZC_ICAIRm7-FpkiipF9oUn0IRIe_Wb1MA1L9A4bhcNA464cUPLwmqRrC5N/s331/Screenshot%202023-04-30%20at%206.02.29%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="331" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGH7xzgmC8J_pHSyPTxU8nT2El-3lY0UI54pAoE35R2t2K_Zhl1dsP2VkfgHQFKZX2JSQgyFMXYMa9v3UKt45L993qngW-h9VaeRCB41O_t6XKxir5ZRBMuMO4VmZ7EmZC_ICAIRm7-FpkiipF9oUn0IRIe_Wb1MA1L9A4bhcNA464cUPLwmqRrC5N/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-30%20at%206.02.29%20pm.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 7.1pt; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Source: Jahren, P. 2011. <i>Concrete: History and Accounts,</i> Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p class="MsoCaption" style="break-after: avoid; color: #44546a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc113293386" style="text-align: left;"></a></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Innovation is continuing today with </span>3D concrete printing (3DCP). Research into 3DCP has focused on developing the equipment needed and the materials used, and by 2019<a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></a> over a dozen experimental prototypes had been built. By 2022 the commercialisation of 3DCP was underway, with two types of systems available. One using a robotic arm to move the print head over a small area, intended to produce structural elements and precast components, the other a gantry system for printing large components, walls and structures. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">3DCP combines BIM</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> models, new concrete</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> mixtures and chemicals, and new printing machines. Again, a combination of new materials and new machinery is required for this technology to work.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In 2022 the Additive Manufacturing Marketplace had 34 concrete printing machines listed, ranging from desktop printers to large track mounted gantry systems that can print three or four story buildings. Companies making these machines are mainly from the US and Europe, and Table 2 also has details on the type and size of a selection of machines. There are also several companies offering 3DCP as a service at an hourly or daily rate.<a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[v]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Concrete printing is only one part of the development of additive manufacturing. In mid-2022 the Additive Manufacturing Marketplace listed 2,372 different 3D printing machines from 1,254 brands. The number of printers and materials used were: 364 metal; 355 photopolymers; 74 ceramic; 61 organic; 34 concrete; 24 clay; 20 silicone; 19 wax; and 19 continuous fibres. Many of these printers could be used to produce fixtures and fittings for buildings. Producing components onsite from bags of mixture avoids the cost of handling and transport, and for large items avoids the load limits on roads and trucks. There are also printing services and additive manufacturing marketplaces being set up. These link designers to producers with the materials science, specialised equipment and print farms capable of large production runs and manufacture on demand. Examples are Dassault Systems 3DExperience, Craft Cloud, Xometry, Shapeways, 3D Metalforge, Stratasys and Materialise.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="break-after: avoid; color: #44546a; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc101259057"></a></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="break-after: avoid; color: #44546a; display: inline !important; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc113293386" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"></a><a name="_Toc113293583"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;">Table 2. Some companies making 3D concrete</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal;"> printers</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p><a name="_Toc113293386" style="text-align: left;"></a></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUnTOAinB4HTk4O_FqgqJ9Kps2hpPM-nDRfjiwOwBuImRa9xRWxS4VLcrIuM1WO4gdBJ1GrTTWNNAUVLmRUjhcO3NsZUoxi3LB15gKWjwhyfMUudqGLX7jrPvzmootGTjpawKnTm5DuoGYr7Okotdq0UJWZ86UZHayk6FE1Hi0xZN_ZoJSE9bY_02/s446/Screenshot%202023-04-30%20at%206.02.54%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="446" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUnTOAinB4HTk4O_FqgqJ9Kps2hpPM-nDRfjiwOwBuImRa9xRWxS4VLcrIuM1WO4gdBJ1GrTTWNNAUVLmRUjhcO3NsZUoxi3LB15gKWjwhyfMUudqGLX7jrPvzmootGTjpawKnTm5DuoGYr7Okotdq0UJWZ86UZHayk6FE1Hi0xZN_ZoJSE9bY_02/s320/Screenshot%202023-04-30%20at%206.02.54%20pm.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Source: Additive Manufacturing Marketplace, 2022. <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p><br /> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><i>Conclusion</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Innovating in a complex, long established industrial sector</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> like construction of the built environment can be difficult. The institutional architecture can impose regulatory hurdles or other policy disadvantages on new technologies, and government expenditures often support existing technology. Lenders are risk averse. There are subsidies and price structures that favour incumbents</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and ignore externalities like the environment and public health. Educational curricula, career paths and professional standards are oriented to existing technology. The dominance of existing technologies is further reinforced by imperfections in the market for technology such as network economies, lumpiness, split incentives and the need for collective action.<a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-size: 12pt;">[vi]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The construction industry has become used to incremental innovation and a gradual rate of change since the modern industry emerged over the last few decades of the nineteenth century. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">At the beginning of the twentieth century there was a great deal of resistance to change: ‘the older assembling industries like engineering were slow to change. Each firm took a proprietary pride in its own work’, and the trades were ‘fearful of technological unemployment and fought all changes in conditions of work.’<a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vii]</span></span></span></a> Nevertheless, by the 1920s construction had reorganised the system of production around concrete, steel and glass. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">We are at a similar point today. The development of digital construction using combinations of BIM, offsite manufacturing, 3DCP, drones and robots, is an emerging new system of production, and the adoption and adaptation of these technologies will depend on incremental innovation continually improving their performance, which can only happen if they are put to use. There is a strong case here for public clients, who will be major beneficiaries of the improved efficiency of digital construction, to sponsor demonstration projects that use these technologies and measure the improvements in waste, carbon, defects, time and cost that are delivered. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPnPkc5_BpfcT_1TVx-sOzywtgby2S2I0S85QojPrsyP4MMG0HXJvSNm9ZBhEhciGPmG94b83JU-SD8qTGa4DlPhItxK0IfEz5k4FgJZrS_X2PsSImaHU5a_cRP6xQMNxwHBLgA3-ij-iJbOCc0UjQds1b8z8tlWIFkjkXu0XTOGjVcOiDzEh5gGyK/s2667/Book_3d.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2667" data-original-width="1967" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPnPkc5_BpfcT_1TVx-sOzywtgby2S2I0S85QojPrsyP4MMG0HXJvSNm9ZBhEhciGPmG94b83JU-SD8qTGa4DlPhItxK0IfEz5k4FgJZrS_X2PsSImaHU5a_cRP6xQMNxwHBLgA3-ij-iJbOCc0UjQds1b8z8tlWIFkjkXu0XTOGjVcOiDzEh5gGyK/s320/Book_3d.jpeg" width="236" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><a name="_Toc113293386"></a><div><a name="_Toc113293386"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /></a><div id="edn1"><a name="_Toc113293386"></a><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a name="_Toc113293386"></a><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Syverson, C. 2019.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Macroeconomics and Market Power: Context, Implications, and Open Questions, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Journal of Economic Perspectives, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">33, 3, 23–43</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Syverson, C. 2008. Markets: Ready-Mixed Concrete, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Journal of Economic Perspectives</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, 22, 1, 217–233.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn2"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Pfammatter, U. 2008. <i>Building the Future: Building Technology and Cultural History from the Industrial Revolution until Today</i>. Munich: Prestel Verlag.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn3"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Cody, J. 2003. <i>Exporting American Architecture 1870-2000</i>, London: Routledge. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Huxtable, A. L. 2008. <i>On Architecture: Collected Reflections on a Century of Change</i>, New York: Walker Publishing Company.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn4"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></a> Sanjayan, N. and Nematollahi, B. (eds.) 2019. 3<i>D Concrete Printing Technology: Construction and building applications. </i>Butterworth-Heinemann.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="edn5"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm;"><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.aniwaa.com/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">https://www.aniwaa.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn6"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vi]</span></span></span></a> Bloom, N., Van Reenen, J. and Williams, H. 2019. A toolkit of policies to promote innovation. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, <i>33</i>(3), 163-84.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="edn7"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><a href="applewebdata://D4E56BD1-89B7-4FB4-9783-C82AD9B30590#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Hughes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, T. P. 1989: 495. <i>American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><a name="_Toc113293386"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></a></div><div><a name="_Toc113293386"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></a></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-61332416830852234942023-03-24T10:01:00.018+11:002023-03-24T11:09:41.660+11:00The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Construction<p style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Technological Change and Constructing the Built Environment</span></i></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">I was once attacked by a colleague for, as he put it, ‘not considering the great mass of people employed in construction’. We were working for a government inquiry into collusive tendering and discussing recommendations to improve productivity</span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"> and efficiency in the final report. At the time there were significant changes affecting the Australian industry that had far more impact than the legislative and regulatory reforms the inquiry led to. The industrial relations system was moving from a centralised award based one to a more decentralised system with enterprise bargaining and site agreements. International contractors</span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"> were entering the market and the larger engineering and architecture practices consolidating. As the industry began to recover from a speculative office building bubble and the economy rebounded from a deep recession, construction employment increased and continued to grow for the next few decades. Construction as used here refers to all the firms and organizations involved in design, construction, repair and maintenance of the built environment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">Where these longer run trends were going was not obvious at the time. There have been significant changes in the range of activities and types of firms involved in construction of the built environment over the last few decades. Two trends underpinning those changes were the increasing use of multi-disciplinary project teams as the boundaries between professional disciplines became less distinct, and the inhouse versus outsourced decision about provision more common. Facilities management is an example, an activity that used to be done internally but is now often outsourced, sometimes but not always to construction contractors</span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">. Consultants bid for work as contractors, and contractors do consultancy and project management. Urban planning was once primarily associated with design, but is now linked to real estate and development. The process of structural change in industry occurs as technology, institutional and firm capabilities develop and change over decades.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">Figure 1.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibxrBtVnFGjQTJGMA2m1TXtpN9ZfGtGs8F_C7W3k7cHLo3WlSfOTOzkJViQoVPiDhDccBS6c8pOlaggAhaketyOoisF2M0OucVeSwbDlrzOmW_KsyOYMWNAsRYYVzxfn0q15vCbM3ASmiUmRyGIuTfJi3r7G3qSnhMszUnWsnUc7pQJVORf6eEQhEU/s2981/F3%204IR%20fig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1510" data-original-width="2981" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibxrBtVnFGjQTJGMA2m1TXtpN9ZfGtGs8F_C7W3k7cHLo3WlSfOTOzkJViQoVPiDhDccBS6c8pOlaggAhaketyOoisF2M0OucVeSwbDlrzOmW_KsyOYMWNAsRYYVzxfn0q15vCbM3ASmiUmRyGIuTfJi3r7G3qSnhMszUnWsnUc7pQJVORf6eEQhEU/w640-h324/F3%204IR%20fig.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">When considering the relationship between construction of the built environment and technological change the past is really the only guide available, so the starting point for this discussion is the first industrial revolution in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century when modern construction and its distinctive culture began to form, followed by the twentieth century’s attempts to industrialise construction. This history is important because, after more than 200 years of development, construction of the built environment happens today within an established system of production based on a complex framework of rules, regulations, institutions, traditions and habits that have evolved over this long period of time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white;">But how useful is history and how can it be used? Are there appropriate historical examples or cases to study to see if there are lessons relevant to the present? The answers depend to a large extent on context, because a key characteristic of the history of technology is the importance of institutions and the political and social context of economic outcomes. Also, understanding how policies were developed in the past and how effective they were requires understanding the changing context of policy implementation. </span>However, as economist <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/ ">Paul Samuelson </a>pointed out ‘history doesn't tell its own story and ‘conjectures based on theory and testing against data’ are needed to uncover it. Drawing the right lessons from history is a nuanced exercise. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Over time industries and products evolve and develop as their underlying knowledge base and technological capabilities increase. The starting point for a cycle of development is typically a major new invention, something that is significant enough to lead to fundamental changes in demand (the function, type and number of buildings), design (the opportunities new materials offer), or delivery (through project management). Major inventions give a ‘technological shock’ to an existing system of production, which leads to a transition period where incumbent firms have to adjust to the new business environment and new entrants appear to take advantage of the new technology. Economist Joseph Schumpeter called this process creative destruction, and it leads to the restructuring and eventually consolidation of industries. That is what happened to construction and related suppliers of professional services, materials and components after the first industrial revolution. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The drivers of development for industries in the twenty-first century are emerging technologies such as augmented reality, nanotechnology, machine intelligence, digital fabrication, robotics, automation, exoskeletons and possibly human augmentation. Collectively, these digital technologies are described as a fourth industrial revolution, and their capabilities can be expected to significantly improve as new applications and programs emerge with the development of intelligent machines trained in specific tasks. Innovation and technological change is pushing against what are now long-established customs and practices of the industries in the diverse value chain that designs and delivers the projects that become the built environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">How technological change affects these industries differs from more widely studied industries like computers, automobiles or aerospace because of the number and diversity of firms involved in designing, constructing and managing the built environment. With the range of separate industries these firms come from, construction of the built environment is the output of a broad industrial sector made up of over a dozen individual industries. Not an ‘industry’ narrowly defined, but a broad industrial sector that is organised into a system of production with distinctive characteristics. A second difference is the age of these industries, many of which are mature industries in late stages of their life cycle. These differences create a different context for questions about industry, innovation and technological change, about how firms compete and how the system of production is organised as fourth industrial revolution technologies like digital twins and drones spread through construction and the pace of digitization increases. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">As well as the contractors, subcontractors and suppliers for new builds, there are also many firms and people mainly engaged in the alteration, repair and maintenance of the built environment. The broad base of small firms is a distinctive feature of construction, and these family-owned firms engaged in repair and maintenance work will largely continue to use the materials and processes they are familiar with. Old technologies can survive long after the innovations that eventually replace them arrived, such as the telegraph, fax machine and vinyl records with telephones, email and CDs. Stone, tile, brick and wood have been widely used materials for millennia, and industrialized materials like corrugated iron and concrete are ubiquitous. For maintaining and repairing the existing stock of buildings and structures, many of the skills, technologies and materials found today will continue to be used far into the future. That does not mean firms mainly involved in repair and maintenance will not be affected in some way by the fourth industrial revolution. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 2.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixc0wtY8deAzwJww-AfElS1YzadhaamIQxJ5ZE1JSXHvcBHBvVi62ut9u9MNVbPMGdbuz0sZQ5SV1uKttw8v6ObCcTITwCzB0VLfVAxScKoePHMzb8_0mia3L3JFYMk9ljjd8naE4IaMDjiu2LWSZYYzMVlpHcmzDEhEzTuspv1OW62cEkOzOp7V-i/s2981/F2%20Fnct%20of%20BE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="2981" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixc0wtY8deAzwJww-AfElS1YzadhaamIQxJ5ZE1JSXHvcBHBvVi62ut9u9MNVbPMGdbuz0sZQ5SV1uKttw8v6ObCcTITwCzB0VLfVAxScKoePHMzb8_0mia3L3JFYMk9ljjd8naE4IaMDjiu2LWSZYYzMVlpHcmzDEhEzTuspv1OW62cEkOzOp7V-i/w640-h232/F2%20Fnct%20of%20BE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Construction of the built environment has characteristic organizational and institutional features because it is project-based with complex professional and contractual relationships. How firms utilise technology and develop technological capabilities differentiates them within this location-based system of production. Emerging technologies in design, fabrication and control have the potential to transform construction over the next few decades, possibly less, and the book suggests firms will follow low, medium or high-tech technological trajectories, determined by their investment in the emerging technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A broad view of what future construction might look like is based on successful solutions being found for the many institutional and technical problems involved in transferring fourth industrial revolution technologies to construction. Without downplaying the difficulty of those problems, similar challenges have been met in the past, but those solutions led in turn to a reorganization of the system of production. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">There are very many possible futures that could unfold over the next few decades as technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), automation and robotics develop. However, the key technology underpinning these further developments is intelligent machines operating in a connected but parallel digital world with varying degrees of autonomy. These are machines that have been trained to use data in specific but limited ways, turning data into information to interact with each other and work with humans. The tools, techniques and data sets needed for machine learning are becoming more accessible for experiment and model building, and new products like generative design for buildings plans, drone monitoring of onsite work and 3D concrete printers are available.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Intelligent machines are moving from controlled environments, like car manufacturing or social media, to unpredictable environments, like driving a truck. In many cases, like remote trucks and trains on mining sites, the operations are run as a partnership between humans and machines. There are also autonomous machines like autopilots in aircraft and the Mars rovers. As well as rapid development of machine intelligence, technological change in the form of new materials, new production processes and organizational systems is also happening. Sensors and scanners are widely used, 3D concrete printing is no longer experimental, cloud-based digital twins are available as a service, and online platforms coordinate design, manufacture and delivery of building components using digital twins. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A period of restructuring of construction occurred in the second half of the 1800s when the new industrial materials of glass, steel and reinforced concrete arrived, bringing with them new business models, new entrants and an expanded range of possibilities. The development of modern construction was not, however, a smooth upward path of progress and betterment. It went in fits and starts as new inventions and innovations arrived, slowly then quickly, often against critics of the modern system of production and workers, fearing technological unemployment and lack of government support during a time of technological transition, who resisted new technology and sometimes sabotaged equipment. The issue in the past, like today, was in fact not the availability of jobs but the quality of skills during the diffusion of new technologies through industry. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The only previous comparable period of disruptive technological change in construction of the built environment is the second half of the nineteenth century. Between 1850 and 1900 construction saw the rise of large, international contractors, who reorganized project management and delivery around steam powered machinery and equipment. In particular, the disruptive new technologies of steel, glass and concrete, which came together in the last decades of the century, led to fundamental changes in both processes and products. If that is any guide, we can expect technological changes to operate today over the same three areas of industrialization of production, mechanization of work, and organization of projects that they did then. And today, just as in 1820 when no-one knew how different construction would be and what industry would look like in 1900, we can’t see construction in 2100. That is a long way out, and we can only guess at the level of future technology. We can, however, use what we already know from both history and the present to form a view of what is possible over the next few decades based on what is currently understood to be technologically feasible.</span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="EN-US">It should be clear that the role of fourth industrial revolution technologies will be to augment human labour in construction of the built environment, not replace it. Generative design software does not replace architects</span><span lang="EN-US"> or engineers</span><span lang="EN-US">. Optimization of logistics or maintenance by AI</span><span lang="EN-US"> does not replace mechanics. Onsite construction is a project-based activity using standardized components to deliver a specific building or structure in a specific location. The nature of a construction site means automated machinery and equipment will have to be constantly monitored and managed by people, with many of their current skills still relevant but applied in a different way. Nevertheless, in</span> the various forms that building information models, digital twins, AI, 3D printing, digital fabrication and procurement platforms take on their way to the construction site, they will become central to many of the tasks and activities involved. Education and training pathways and industry policies with incentives for labour-friendly technology will be needed.<span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Figure 3.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1gO7CGdWq-bUindb7uCkuM7XZv6CzjpjM9g6_hERSB8TJ1vCx6VoX0aNnQf_uYiv90grRfC8EgK3cD6Ky-i4BknfNzld67lNzD1i-yS2dX5BoJ7e84H2f8PDu6P70g2Jsv4vkdvlkqAQQSh8ttYGBWfUL_tnJmljno-Tzy6js1RUqSkNW8iDG3xbu/s4289/F6%20Construction%20of%20BE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2400" data-original-width="4289" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1gO7CGdWq-bUindb7uCkuM7XZv6CzjpjM9g6_hERSB8TJ1vCx6VoX0aNnQf_uYiv90grRfC8EgK3cD6Ky-i4BknfNzld67lNzD1i-yS2dX5BoJ7e84H2f8PDu6P70g2Jsv4vkdvlkqAQQSh8ttYGBWfUL_tnJmljno-Tzy6js1RUqSkNW8iDG3xbu/w640-h358/F6%20Construction%20of%20BE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Because construction involves so many firms and people the technology driven changes discussed here will have significant and profound economic and social consequences. This would be a good opportunity for government and industry to work together to develop policies and roadmaps for those firms, and to support ‘the great mass of people’ employed in construction of the built environment who will be affected by them. The future is not determined, although technological change and creative destruction continue to reshape and restructure industry and the economy, decisions made today create the future.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">From the Introduction to my new book a</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">vailable from Amazon </span></b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b>on technological change and construction</b>.</span><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"> </span></i></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsVOPtTbn2D1BH68ifNfVbe1E87aChY22odAvJAenbRi1e3uKjVgEk89gJ9o0ie8t_ZVAct9afONwARlEHk0CPHyaqUwIp775Cq9B0b7uH0oAHm8PdZriM1H2hXmQW8MpP9d-LHsblF1UdEUK1spS6MtH97AdIMm1HLioK55QRLh20x1AlO9xT8aHL/s2560/de_Valence_kdp_cover_1708x2560.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1708" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsVOPtTbn2D1BH68ifNfVbe1E87aChY22odAvJAenbRi1e3uKjVgEk89gJ9o0ie8t_ZVAct9afONwARlEHk0CPHyaqUwIp775Cq9B0b7uH0oAHm8PdZriM1H2hXmQW8MpP9d-LHsblF1UdEUK1spS6MtH97AdIMm1HLioK55QRLh20x1AlO9xT8aHL/w428-h640/de_Valence_kdp_cover_1708x2560.jpeg" width="428" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-38497906885435521542023-02-01T18:39:00.001+11:002024-02-01T13:14:28.202+11:00Review of Thinking Like an Economist by Elizabeth Pop Berman<p> <img alt="Thinking like an Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy by [Elizabeth Popp Berman]" class="a-dynamic-image frontImage" data-a-dynamic-image="{"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31u6AaWY9bS._SY346_.jpg":[229,346],"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31u6AaWY9bS.jpg":[331,500]}" data-a-image-name="ebooksImageBlockFront" data-a-manual-replacement="true" id="ebooksImgBlkFront" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31u6AaWY9bS.jpg" style="left: 0px; position: relative; top: 0px;" width="229px" /></p><p><br /></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20;"><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691167381/thinking-like-an-economist"><em style="font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; color: #a76716; padding: 0cm; text-decoration: none;">Thinking Like an Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy</span></em></a>, by Elizabeth Popp Berman (Princeton, 2022).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20; font-family: arial;">The book details how what she calls “the economic style of reasoning,” has become the dominant way of thinking about public policy in the United States. This is usually (almost universally) seen as a result of the movement led by Hayek and the Mont Pelerin Society that became known as neo-liberalism. Instead, Berman argues, “the most important advocates for the economic style in governance consistently came from the center-left.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20; font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20; font-family: arial;">In the 1960s two intellectual communities within economics played the crucial role. One was a systems analysis group from RAND Corp. at the beginning of the Kennedy administration. The other was a network of university economists specializing in industrial organization, first at Harvard University and later at the University of Chicago.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20; font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p style="caret-color: rgb(35, 31, 32); font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 3.75pt 0cm 19.2pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #231f20; font-family: arial;">These economists became key advisors and formulators of policy, introducing cost-benefit analysis and other tools for assessing government policies and raising efficiency above other policy goals. As macroeconomics descended into doctrinal disputes about fiscal and monetary policy in the 1970s, US conservatives turned this into a deregulatory agenda. At the same time institutional economists lost their standing in university departments as the mathematical turn after Samuelson marginalised their work. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book records (in great detail) the development of the economic style, how many of its leading advocates came from the Democratic party and the left, and how the right strategically used these ideas to promote policies that turned social, moral and ethical issues into ones about markets, allocation and tax. Highly recommended. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-30236886812407016132023-01-23T08:48:00.000+11:002023-01-23T08:48:23.684+11:00Australian Built Environment: Output and Employment<p><span style="font-family: Barlow;"> </span></p><div data-draftjs-conductor-fragment="{"blocks":[{"key":"2a8l4","text":"Industries are groups of firms with common characteristics in products, services, production processes and logistics, subdivided by the SIC into a four-level structure. The highest level is alphabetically coded divisions such as Agriculture, forestry and fishing (A), Manufacturing (C) and Information and communication (J). The classification is then organized into two-digit subdivisions, three-digit groups, and four-digit classes. SIC codes are therefore two, three and four-digit numbers representing industries, defined as firms with shared characteristics.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":563,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"2hv08","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"5g6s0","text":"The SIC definition of the construction industry captures the onsite activities of contractors and subcontractors, and this data on building and construction work is taken to represent the industry. However, onsite work brings together suppliers of services, materials, machinery and equipment, products, components and other inputs required to deliver the buildings and structures that make up the built environment. When enough firms share sufficient characteristics they are often described as an industry cluster or sector.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":526,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"1bape","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"9t9sb","text":"The data used here is provided in the Australian Bureau of Statistics annual publication Australian Industry (ABS 8155), produced using a combination of data from the annual Economic Activity Survey and Business Activity Statement data provided by the Australian Taxation Office. The data includes all operating business entities and Government owned or controlled Public Non-Financial Corporations. Australian Industry excludes the finance industry and public sectors, but includes non-profits in industries like health and education and government businesses providing water, sewerage and drainage services.[1] The industries included account for around two-thirds of GDP and the data is presented at varying levels for industry divisions, subdivisions and classes. The most recent issue is for 2020-21.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":805,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":89,"length":20,"style":"ITALIC"},{"offset":400,"length":19,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[{"offset":609,"length":3,"key":0}],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"286r7","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"9sq6s","text":"There is data at the two digit subdivision level for the Construction services and Property operators and real estate services industries. For the subdivisions in Professional, scientific and technical services and Building cleaning, pest control and other services the data includes contributions from other classes outside the built environment. Therefore, for these industries the two digit subdivision estimates have to be weighted using the four digit class data for the built environment component. These proportions are released as supplementary tables and provide data at the class level. Professional, scientific and technical services were included in 2015-16, and in 2016-17 this data was provided for two divisions: Rental, hiring and real estate services, with subdivisions Rental and hiring services (except real estate), and Property operators and real estate services; and Administrative and support services, with subdivisions Administrative services and Building cleaning, pest control and other support services.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1031,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4aeiv","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"c68js","text":"The data is not complete because some industries cannot be separated into the relevant classes from Australian Industry. For example, rental of heavy machinery and scaffolding (class 6631) is in subdivision 66 but the data is not available to separate it from the other classes. Also, services such as marketing, legal, insurance and financial are important inputs, but again are not identifiable. Government spending on infrastructure and investment in departments like health and education is included through supply industries, although any maintenance and work done internally will generally not be included. That also applies in industries like retailing and transport where some unknown proportion of work is done in-house. ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":730,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":100,"length":19,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"d57rf","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"6af49","text":"There is also leakage around the boundaries of industry statistics: some glass is used in mirrors, some in car windscreens; textiles are used in buildings; architects design furniture; engineers repair machines as well as structures, and so on. Because Australian Industry uses tax and business register data, it is the self-classification of firms to SIC industry classes that fundamentally determines the structure and scope of that data. Needless to say, such classifications are not perfect, particularly in regard to large multi-unit or multi-divisional organisations. The data here includes sixteen industries that together form one of the largest and most important industrial sectors in the economy.","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":707,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":253,"length":19,"style":"ITALIC"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4m1b1","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"4ucji","text":"Table 1. Australian Built Environment Industries","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":48,"style":"BOLD"},{"offset":0,"length":48,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"crlgd","text":"Supply industries\t\t\t\t\tDemand industries\t\t\t\tMaintenance industries","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":20,"style":"BOLD"},{"offset":21,"length":20,"style":"BOLD"},{"offset":43,"length":22,"style":"BOLD"},{"offset":0,"length":42,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"},{"offset":43,"length":22,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"cdvoh","text":"Quarrying\t\t\t\t\tResidential property\t\t\tWater, sewerage and drainage","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":65,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"etgcr","text":"Building construction\t\t\t\tNon-residential property \t\tWaste collection, and disposal ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":83,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"fs0au","text":"Heavy and civil engineering \t\t\tReal estate services\t\t\tBuilding and industrial cleaning","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":86,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"er4mb","text":"Construction services\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuilding pest control services","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":60,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"fckc5","text":"Architectural services\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGardening services","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":49,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"blq3p","text":"Surveying and mapping services","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":30,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"9ijvp","text":"Engineering design and consulting","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":33,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}},{"key":"3eba7","text":"Manufacturing industries","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":24,"style":"{\"font-size\":\"12px\"}"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"dynamicStyles":{"line-height":"2.2"}}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"LINK","mutability":"MUTABLE","data":{"target":"_blank","rel":"","url":"applewebdata://7ED14032-3217-4211-8069-037E57B0BA56#_ftn1"}}},"VERSION":"9.3.6"}" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="foo-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="foo-0-0"><span data-offset-key="foo-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Industries are groups of firms with common characteristics in products, services, production processes and logistics, subdivided by the SIC into a four-level structure. The highest level is alphabetically coded divisions such as Agriculture, forestry and fishing (A), Manufacturing (C) and Information and communication (J). The classification is then organized into two-digit subdivisions, three-digit groups, and four-digit classes. SIC codes are therefore two, three and four-digit numbers representing industries, defined as firms with shared characteristics.</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="67qkf-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="67qkf-0-0"><span data-offset-key="67qkf-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="1a8ga-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="1a8ga-0-0"><span data-offset-key="1a8ga-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">The SIC definition of the construction industry captures the onsite activities of contractors and subcontractors, and this data on building and construction work is taken to represent the industry. However, onsite work brings together suppliers of services, materials, machinery and equipment, products, components and other inputs required to deliver the buildings and structures that make up the built environment. When enough firms share sufficient characteristics they are often described as an industry cluster or sector.</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cuj2f-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cuj2f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cuj2f-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="bqa11-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bqa11-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><span data-offset-key="bqa11-0-0">The data used here is provided in the Australian Bureau of Statistics annual publication </span><span data-offset-key="bqa11-0-1" style="font-style: italic;">Australian Industry </span><span data-offset-key="bqa11-0-2">(ABS 8155), produced using a combination of data from the annual Economic Activity Survey and Business Activity Statement data provided by the Australian Taxation Office. The data includes all operating business entities and Government owned or controlled Public Non-Financial Corporations. </span><span data-offset-key="bqa11-0-3" style="font-style: italic;">Australian Industry</span><span data-offset-key="bqa11-0-4"> excludes the finance industry and public sectors, but includes non-profits in industries like health and education and government businesses providing water, sewerage and drainage services.</span><span data-offset-key="bqa11-2-0"> The industries included account for around two-thirds of GDP and the data is presented at varying levels for industry divisions, subdivisions and classes. The most recent issue is for 2020-21.</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="5ri0c-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5ri0c-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5ri0c-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="74dbu-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="74dbu-0-0"><span data-offset-key="74dbu-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">There is data at the two digit subdivision level for the Construction services and Property operators and real estate services industries. For the subdivisions in Professional, scientific and technical services and Building cleaning, pest control and other services the data includes contributions from other classes outside the built environment. Therefore, for these industries the two digit subdivision estimates have to be weighted using the four digit class data for the built environment component. These proportions are released as supplementary tables and provide data at the class level. Professional, scientific and technical services were included in 2015-16, and in 2016-17 this data was provided for two divisions: Rental, hiring and real estate services, with subdivisions Rental and hiring services (except real estate), and Property operators and real estate services; and Administrative and support services, with subdivisions Administrative services and Building cleaning, pest control and other support services.</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="7lpd1-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7lpd1-0-0"><span data-offset-key="7lpd1-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cn4pr-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cn4pr-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><span data-offset-key="cn4pr-0-0">The data is not complete because some industries cannot be separated into the relevant classes from </span><span data-offset-key="cn4pr-0-1" style="font-style: italic;">Australian Industry</span><span data-offset-key="cn4pr-0-2">. For example, rental of heavy machinery and scaffolding (class 6631) is in subdivision 66 but the data is not available to separate it from the other classes. Also, services such as marketing, legal, insurance and financial are important inputs, but again are not identifiable. Government spending on infrastructure and investment in departments like health and education is included through supply industries, although any maintenance and work done internally will generally not be included. That also applies in industries like retailing and transport where some unknown proportion of work is done in-house. </span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cam0m-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cam0m-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cam0m-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="6edbc-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6edbc-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><span data-offset-key="6edbc-0-0">There is also leakage around the boundaries of industry statistics: some glass is used in mirrors, some in car windscreens; textiles are used in buildings; architects design furniture; engineers repair machines as well as structures, and so on. Because </span><span data-offset-key="6edbc-0-1" style="font-style: italic;">Australian Industry</span><span data-offset-key="6edbc-0-2"> uses tax and business register data, it is the self-classification of firms to SIC industry classes that fundamentally determines the structure and scope of that data. Needless to say, such classifications are not perfect, particularly in regard to large multi-unit or multi-divisional organisations. The data here includes sixteen industries that together form one of the largest and most important industrial sectors in the economy.</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="6cfru-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6cfru-0-0"><span data-offset-key="6cfru-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br data-text="true" /></span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8r47m-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8r47m-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8r47m-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Table 1. Australian Built Environment Industries</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="497m4-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="497m4-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><span data-offset-key="497m4-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;">Supply industries </span><span data-offset-key="497m4-0-2" style="font-weight: bold;"> Demand industries <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="497m4-0-5" style="font-weight: bold;">Maintenance industries</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3vp4u-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3vp4u-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3vp4u-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Quarrying <span> <span> </span><span> </span></span>Residential property Water, sewerage and drainage</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="11qfs-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="11qfs-0-0"><span data-offset-key="11qfs-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Building construction <span> </span>Non-residential property Waste collection, and disposal </span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="114m2-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="114m2-0-0"><span data-offset-key="114m2-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Heavy and civil engineering <span> </span>Real estate services <span> <span> </span></span> Building and industrial cleaning</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8irqj-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8irqj-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8irqj-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Construction services <span> <span> <span> </span></span> <span> </span></span>Building pest control services</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="dj6ek-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dj6ek-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dj6ek-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Architectural services <span> <span> <span> </span></span> <span> </span></span>Gardening services</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="a0h6f-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a0h6f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="a0h6f-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Surveying and mapping services</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="486mp-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="486mp-0-0"><span data-offset-key="486mp-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Engineering design and consulting</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Manufacturing industries</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Figure 1.</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5a7P9IrxYnYjYOpm-bOiZA9X1uV45IpluogWoP4veWkpg4vIMKH0VkyuhC6ng9tQYe_L9CuyBk8n2EJGerIC9mKTjS7vysFwclxMumq2n7fcTbIOU2PxKG52e-oi1yMIc0HFUWWCc0AalCbiTCEzj-OeVDFX0zNgIZyqLX-IVDLmfP25bSk3r68f/s1631/GDP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1127" data-original-width="1631" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5a7P9IrxYnYjYOpm-bOiZA9X1uV45IpluogWoP4veWkpg4vIMKH0VkyuhC6ng9tQYe_L9CuyBk8n2EJGerIC9mKTjS7vysFwclxMumq2n7fcTbIOU2PxKG52e-oi1yMIc0HFUWWCc0AalCbiTCEzj-OeVDFX0zNgIZyqLX-IVDLmfP25bSk3r68f/w640-h442/GDP.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="7q6nl-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7q6nl-0-0"><span data-offset-key="7q6nl-0-0" style="font-weight: bold;"><span data-text="true">Table 2. Economic Contribution of Australian Built Environment Industries 2020-21</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cuufo-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cuufo-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cuufo-0-0"><span data-text="true"> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span>Employment</span></span><span data-offset-key="cuufo-0-1"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cuufo-0-2"><span data-text="true"> IVA $billion</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="2babh-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="2babh-0-0"><span data-offset-key="2babh-0-0"><span data-text="true">Total </span></span><span data-offset-key="2babh-0-1"><span data-text="true">Australian Built Environment Industries</span></span><span data-offset-key="2babh-0-2"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="2babh-0-3"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="2babh-0-4"><span data-text="true">2,228,000 282</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="4tios-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4tios-0-0"><span data-offset-key="4tios-0-0"><span data-text="true">Total Australia Employment and GDP <span> <span> </span></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4tios-0-1"><span data-text="true"> <span> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4tios-0-2"><span data-text="true">12,369,000 2,069,178</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-2_2 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="637l7-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="637l7-0-0"><span data-offset-key="637l7-0-0"><span data-text="true">Built Environment share of Australia total <span> <span> </span></span> 16.9% </span></span><span data-offset-key="637l7-0-1"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="637l7-0-2"><span data-text="true">13.6%</span></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="95nfi-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="95nfi-0-0"><span data-offset-key="95nfi-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cffta-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cffta-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cffta-0-0"><span data-text="true">Sources: ABS 8155, ABS 5206, ABS 6202. </span></span></div></div></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Figure 2.</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdHsQv3h9gdwSCiRAwi7pv4duU33_b2HvzEE-jNI_KS7jlwOIFF2nxm7mMTdps6yXow8BPZtTQwtTzVsitUNn5cB4Q6by7LEiP7CmACQPcCU1T2GVNUMnwiIx196pJb_IlZfLDUQ6oVuao3L5W30IciV2dqnMiSZkYYXodMDm97ks2pwjmWVnehReC/s2080/IVAxInd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1494" data-original-width="2080" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdHsQv3h9gdwSCiRAwi7pv4duU33_b2HvzEE-jNI_KS7jlwOIFF2nxm7mMTdps6yXow8BPZtTQwtTzVsitUNn5cB4Q6by7LEiP7CmACQPcCU1T2GVNUMnwiIx196pJb_IlZfLDUQ6oVuao3L5W30IciV2dqnMiSZkYYXodMDm97ks2pwjmWVnehReC/w640-h460/IVAxInd.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0">Figure 3.</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuxZRC3kXMv8JYEoywaiqT8U3KcK1BiCxhoZSs0T4k5tHrqIcd74d1CcttGHmTrMgH9dNsOWsZQBXfoiPv3s8k6M5vEMazxXu7uqfuAbnJuJgoxtkjWM0uR4hoALCNT4mT0jqvtK3dfHH2k0TDX1ejZDo8i6gsVgjB2sn5WT1LrJnDgP56iHhPeztJ/s1998/IVA%20gwth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1191" data-original-width="1998" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuxZRC3kXMv8JYEoywaiqT8U3KcK1BiCxhoZSs0T4k5tHrqIcd74d1CcttGHmTrMgH9dNsOWsZQBXfoiPv3s8k6M5vEMazxXu7uqfuAbnJuJgoxtkjWM0uR4hoALCNT4mT0jqvtK3dfHH2k0TDX1ejZDo8i6gsVgjB2sn5WT1LrJnDgP56iHhPeztJ/w640-h382/IVA%20gwth.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Figure 4.</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZuqPPRQozbvFBxZB3pdA-JY_AdeKtZQFeu7Pr6GMgJFqCWRfSJZ3f9GgnPJQufkAyALcVx6Y9zaMCOXR_8qf34DaVTL-jvqsyUemgvNimGGvFhVzN4j5XMoFnwgL_xCmysFWACqpt1IKaW0fWTUJhS4wBUoJRqlknyo9bCg93G5d-B61HDc1dmawn/s1970/Emp%20no.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1562" data-original-width="1970" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZuqPPRQozbvFBxZB3pdA-JY_AdeKtZQFeu7Pr6GMgJFqCWRfSJZ3f9GgnPJQufkAyALcVx6Y9zaMCOXR_8qf34DaVTL-jvqsyUemgvNimGGvFhVzN4j5XMoFnwgL_xCmysFWACqpt1IKaW0fWTUJhS4wBUoJRqlknyo9bCg93G5d-B61HDc1dmawn/w640-h508/Emp%20no.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0">Figure 5.</span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA6ZQvAfxI573XrDyqzHOqCX76dMBu1WUNF7mYw5fsSzHmhCrG1TIWAe0RcBYdkNVNqJ__K8yTg3VEE35_aUClUPqK4gkiDoZfoqltHNofR5zgfBltWkSSs23vQ9KSea4cvD3DzaCMNug_K_XG02-wV5gSRSomj6K57yT4gZmsM9oEV3t89Aa3kotC/s2080/Emp%20gwth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1283" data-original-width="2080" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA6ZQvAfxI573XrDyqzHOqCX76dMBu1WUNF7mYw5fsSzHmhCrG1TIWAe0RcBYdkNVNqJ__K8yTg3VEE35_aUClUPqK4gkiDoZfoqltHNofR5zgfBltWkSSs23vQ9KSea4cvD3DzaCMNug_K_XG02-wV5gSRSomj6K57yT4gZmsM9oEV3t89Aa3kotC/w640-h394/Emp%20gwth.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;">The IVA of the sixteen built environment industries contributed 13.6 percent to Australian GDP in 2018-19, within a long-run range between 13 and 15 percent of GDP since 2006-07. The sixteen built environment industries share of total employment was 16.9 percent, and its long-run range was between 16.5 and 17.5 percent of total employment.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Figure 6.<br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCFOOUr9y_4_4i5WiFbMVCSMCQiEAzphEUwsDdbO_lhXQTNH4g9SqT50MoRL6v0DfUB94bTkZrDLStM-UCjnhOV7Xgq8eGBM_avOX2wZ3DWd-o6z5kFyfnYsj3O64VoDAu1uAsj63K9GYraKu5hVJ4_ix3u8Vv82b5zqURpD6yLB4rmMXzTgINNI5-/s1787/IVA&GDP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="1787" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCFOOUr9y_4_4i5WiFbMVCSMCQiEAzphEUwsDdbO_lhXQTNH4g9SqT50MoRL6v0DfUB94bTkZrDLStM-UCjnhOV7Xgq8eGBM_avOX2wZ3DWd-o6z5kFyfnYsj3O64VoDAu1uAsj63K9GYraKu5hVJ4_ix3u8Vv82b5zqURpD6yLB4rmMXzTgINNI5-/w640-h394/IVA&GDP.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Barlow;">Figure 7.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3AGJTWpArxdzvloWz2nCy3WIMS6qFOCzBFG88KLvXAt8UJSzUangzFahMus21Nu6gin9qGWRNPGh-uRPBNr5D9a8v93q-f4kdPqTO2bJez-BKknQKehoaZvExkEjk513w8-Ju58lp8JhoEzjpFExprzByAv0HTkrkbVuenrsYfzh2cE6lce_QVMO/s1718/Emp%20ann.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1077" data-original-width="1718" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3AGJTWpArxdzvloWz2nCy3WIMS6qFOCzBFG88KLvXAt8UJSzUangzFahMus21Nu6gin9qGWRNPGh-uRPBNr5D9a8v93q-f4kdPqTO2bJez-BKknQKehoaZvExkEjk513w8-Ju58lp8JhoEzjpFExprzByAv0HTkrkbVuenrsYfzh2cE6lce_QVMO/w640-h402/Emp%20ann.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: Barlow;"><br /><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><br /></span></span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="27vel-0-0"><span data-offset-key="27vel-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div></div></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-60428424743049982582022-12-01T10:10:00.000+11:002022-12-01T10:10:36.274+11:00Construction Productivity Trends for Building, Engineering and Construction Services<p><i><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Australian Construction Productivity at the Industry Level</span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The rate of growth of productivity in the construction industry in a number of countries has lagged that of other industries for at least five decades, and the earliest studies that identified this problem date from the late 1960s. Two explanations for the lack of demonstrable improvement in construction productivity are possible. The first is the importance of measurement, data and issues about the structure and use of price indices for estimating real output (i.e. adjusted for inflation). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The second is the nature of the product and the methods used in delivering and managing the processes involved. Construction is a labour intensive industry in comparison with manufacturing, but there has been a significant increase in the prefabricated component of construction, which could have been expected to lead to productivity growth. Also, construction methods have become more capital intensive as machinery has got heavier, and the number of cranes, powered hand tools and other equipment used has increased. However the productivity growth that one would expect to observe as a result of these trends has not occurred, according to measurements by national statistical agencies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Productivity estimates require both a measure of labour inputs, such as hours worked or people employed, and a measure of output, called Industry value added (IVA, the difference between total revenue and total costs). IVA is then adjusted for changes in prices of materials and labour to estimate Gross value added (GVA) using price indexes that assume there has been no change in the quality of buildings. Another problem is the application of a single deflator to the diverse range of buildings and structures. This inability to capture functional differences and quality changes in buildings and structures has adversely affected the measurement of productivity, if construction value added is underestimated due to the deflators used, construction productivity has also been understated.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">This post compares the deflated GVA per person employed to the IVA per person employed for Building, Engineering and Construction services (the trades), and Total construction. The GVA data comes from the ABS <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-release#data-download" style="color: #954f72;">National Accounts</a> (chain volume measures of economic activity). The IVA data and number of people employed in June each year comes from ABS <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/2020-21#data-download" style="color: #954f72;">Australian Industry</a>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">A Proxy for Construction Productivity<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">In Figure 1 industry output is in constant dollars (the deflated value adjusted for price changes). GVA is the quantity of output produced in a year. The employment data includes all workers but not whether they are full or part-time, or hours worked. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 1. Construction Productivity by Industry<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5Pt86sL8AZxgdA5xlc_mo9XvTL2ywCiACcK247M_YwBA4xmiK-hjyXHtHmqmgVKfuhwsqK10tAkS9s1swY9l9blIYeoB9PdQZAZvAWXpS20bUmVK7wRog6aBIWquT3StFJW8PYDx3zaUsYrKz3e0UZFMcf6NbcK2pwCz2b2Fq1uXonb6YA_dWjJB/s2378/GVA:emp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1471" data-original-width="2378" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ5Pt86sL8AZxgdA5xlc_mo9XvTL2ywCiACcK247M_YwBA4xmiK-hjyXHtHmqmgVKfuhwsqK10tAkS9s1swY9l9blIYeoB9PdQZAZvAWXpS20bUmVK7wRog6aBIWquT3StFJW8PYDx3zaUsYrKz3e0UZFMcf6NbcK2pwCz2b2Fq1uXonb6YA_dWjJB/w640-h397/GVA:emp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Source: ABS, CER</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">As a measure of productivity GVA per person employed is very approximate, typically the number of hours worked would be used for employment and June may not be a representative month for employment in many industries. Nevertheless, this graph looks familiar, with flatlining growth in Total construction productivity over the period, despite a few bumps along the way. It appears to be a useful productivity proxy. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Using the same data, GVA per person employed can be found for Building, Engineering and Construction services. Here a slight decline in Building has been offset by a small rise in Construction services output per person, with the effects of the pandemic on both apparent in the decline over 2020-21. Building construction may have been affected by a shift from commercial to an increased share of residential in the output mix and more high rise work. Because Construction services are generally labour intensive they will have a lower value of output per person, but this data shows there was increase in this measure of productivity between 2007 and 2021 and Construction services was the only one of the three industries to register a gain on this measure. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Engineering construction activity took off in the mining boom from 2010, and output per person has followed the rise and fall in work done since and, although below the peak years of 2012-14, it now reflects the large volume of infrastructure work in transport and energy. Since 2011 GVA per person in Engineering has been much higher than Building construction, nearly twice as much in some years, and Construction services, nearly three times as much in some years. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">These differences in output <span lang="EN-GB">per person employed reflect differences in capital requirements and </span>expenditure on purchases of buildings, structures, software, equipment and machinery (known as gross fixed capital formation or GFCF). <span lang="EN-GB">The higher the capital requirements, or capital intensity, of an industry the higher the level of output per person employed is expected to be</span>,<span lang="EN-GB"> because workers with more capital are more productive. Both excavators and shovels require one operator but the former </span>shifts<span lang="EN-GB"> more soil.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Current Dollar Industry Comparison <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">The chain volume measure of GVA per person employed can be compared to the original, unadjusted current dollar Industry value added (IVA) per person employed. Again, this is an indicative but imprecise proxy for construction productivity. In Figure 2 there is a clear upward trend in all three industries, with increasing nominal value of output as prices rise faster than the number of people employed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">The growth in IVA per employee for Building is the greatest contrast to the GVA data. Here, Building has had a sustained increase since 2012 compared to the flat, no growth trend in GVA per employee. This suggests there has been a better productivity performance by building contractors than the one recorded in official statistics. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Engineering has a similar pattern in both GVA and IVA graphs, with a sharp rise in output per employee after 2010 that flattened out after 2016 at around 50 per cent higher than the pre-mining boom level. This has been a significant increase in productivity. Both Building and Engineering typically have larger firms than found in Construction services, which has lagged the other two industries in growth in IVA per employee. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Without deflation the value of output could be expected to rise somewhere around the rate of CPI inflation, which totalled 35.8 per cent and averaged 2.2 per cent a year between 2007 and 2021. Over that period Building IVA increased by 120 per cent, Engineering IVA by 117 per cent, and Construction services by 50 per cent. More significantly, IVA per person employed for Building increased by 61.6 per cent, for Engineering by 57.3 per cent, but for Construction services only 27.7 percent, suggesting that is where the productivity ‘problem’ lies. However, the IVA and GVA figures are contradictory, with the latter showing better performance. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Figure 2. Nominal output per employee<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1QlLbJ8b3qPJcp-5wbyccuTRr3LzbhNBp8tpudI6MdCDB3LXdYkLemR4GB5BtqjlFBvf9Hhpv5wLsJRI_4rVvWCP3CGhEtmSykoB1GMsNotojmpaT4AFakugeVSXCcsxI4JtC4k6chHrLYnvauDKz1Pd7D5HP3_1eJ5g1wngeH9B58__c7jDtWex/s1915/IVA:emp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1915" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE1QlLbJ8b3qPJcp-5wbyccuTRr3LzbhNBp8tpudI6MdCDB3LXdYkLemR4GB5BtqjlFBvf9Hhpv5wLsJRI_4rVvWCP3CGhEtmSykoB1GMsNotojmpaT4AFakugeVSXCcsxI4JtC4k6chHrLYnvauDKz1Pd7D5HP3_1eJ5g1wngeH9B58__c7jDtWex/w640-h342/IVA:emp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Source: ABS, CER<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">IVA per employee again highlights differences in the capital requirements of industries. </span>In the long run, investment in GFCF determines industry growth rates and their level of labour productivity. Labour intensive <span lang="EN-GB">industries like Construction services have a low level of IVA per person employed, but also have lower capital requirements. Engineering has always been more capital intensive than Building, but the gap seems to have closed with the increase in residential high-rise activity after 2016. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Construction productivity estimates are usually given for Total construction, and typically show little or no growth over many decades. However, Total construction is measure of the combined performance of three different industries: Building, Engineering and Construction services. This post compared the deflated GVA per person employed to the nominal IVA per person employed for Building, Engineering and Construction services (the trades), and Total construction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">The deflated GVA per person employed data is a proxy for productivity because the value of output is adjusted for price changes, <span lang="EN-GB">As a combination of deflated output and employment GVA per person employed looks like a measure of productivity, but while it is indicative that is not really the case. Although similar to the output and input data needed to calculate productivity, indexes of output and input are used for productivity analysis, not the original data, and hours worked not numbers employed used. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">When the mostly flat chain volume measures of GVA per person employed are compared to the current dollar IVA per person employed there is a clear upward trend in IVA all three industries, with increasing nominal value of output as prices rise faster than the number of people employed. IVA per person in Building and Engineering has increased at nearly twice the rate of CPI inflation, but Construction services by less since 2007. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Construction services IVA per person employed grew significantly less than Building and Engineering. However, the GVA per person employed performance was much better,</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>the only one of the three industries to register a gain on this measure. <span lang="EN-GB">Construction services have a large impact on productivity because they account for 60 per cent or more of Construction output. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">The usefulness of both GVA and IVA per person employed as a proxy for productivity per person is limited, but indicative. In both cases the difference in capital intensity appears to be the determining factor in the level of productivity (measured as dollars per person employed), and the increase in apartment building would explain the rapid rise in Building IVA per person employed. The effect of changes in output (the mix of buildings and structures delivered) will be explored in another post. Why that increase in Building IVA per person employed was not picked up in the GVA per person employed estimates is also an interesting question. </span><o:p></o:p></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-27215971799135700152022-10-19T12:58:00.003+11:002022-10-19T12:58:54.876+11:00Employment Trends in Australian Built Environment Industries<p><i><span style="font-size: medium;"> Record High in Built Environment Employment</span></i></p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">The number of people employed in the 16 industries that make up the Australian Built Environment Sector reached 2.23 million in 2020-21, an increase of nearly 10 percent over the previous year, contributing 17 percent to total employment in Australia. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 1<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnyzlNf5HWeHJ16ERsDKXC59gIIcjIcG9iV-M71QKTT-VMVcTmMj1HbsAqQQ7pjjnYRkNdT2XGJjYCGfYZKS4LN5wLC-fCsmsRUSmT9bETF26jk3MFvV7h3SgDz7C0x7nGQge8Di764zv-fAA1uB1R5TE_XbMzjiazACCQzBI89u2ayNk0UTCxkVT8/s1718/Emp%20gwth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1077" data-original-width="1718" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnyzlNf5HWeHJ16ERsDKXC59gIIcjIcG9iV-M71QKTT-VMVcTmMj1HbsAqQQ7pjjnYRkNdT2XGJjYCGfYZKS4LN5wLC-fCsmsRUSmT9bETF26jk3MFvV7h3SgDz7C0x7nGQge8Di764zv-fAA1uB1R5TE_XbMzjiazACCQzBI89u2ayNk0UTCxkVT8/w640-h402/Emp%20gwth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">The largest industry is Construction, which employed 1.2 million people (54%), followed by Property and real estate with 333,000 (15%), Professional services 269,000 (12%) and Building services 206,000 (9%). These four industries include a dozen smaller industry groups, and account for 90 percent of persons employed in construction and maintenance of Australia’s built environment. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 2</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl29WxlwBHSBwuIjotJA8GeJWjjzfDUE0qVuBtMDGx5P23ENYqzI_KlC_AWlvyCe_KUyojjMy0rr1OYjrX-p4g2AuvDsBAqoTTtmvoG5GywUkFvab2JwJIP2gUzJx2fvM2sL78T_RcNEtXSGYSLfEcRGOE3E0EDH2O0RslEvYIOqoe4BXMAAeRDcPj/s2365/Emp%20%25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1700" data-original-width="2365" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl29WxlwBHSBwuIjotJA8GeJWjjzfDUE0qVuBtMDGx5P23ENYqzI_KlC_AWlvyCe_KUyojjMy0rr1OYjrX-p4g2AuvDsBAqoTTtmvoG5GywUkFvab2JwJIP2gUzJx2fvM2sL78T_RcNEtXSGYSLfEcRGOE3E0EDH2O0RslEvYIOqoe4BXMAAeRDcPj/w640-h460/Emp%20%25.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">The big increase in 2021 was a rebound after the 1.3 percent fall in total BES employment in 2019-20. In all industries, with the exception of Water and Waste, employment fell in 2020, and by over three percent in Property and real estate services. In the post-lockdown recovery employment growth in 2020-21 was strong, at over eight percent in Construction and over six percent in both Building services and Professional services. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 3<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3Wjn4B_c6-EUxktnNaj2ZV3bwa-wbfuI_oKDKle_xt5k4y3kae3W7084jv5F4ggic5p0NdSP17mUZVWcxOhVCEjZ-st4CuAXBUPxYzgHpz37xLc0ANR_hh3JcFNbCDn7-1X5u9RsR1-1awz5IYU9if4H_u7R0xw5pBxGAwMrLpeiG_tB-N2C_MW3/s1883/Emp%20ind%20gwth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1732" data-original-width="1883" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3Wjn4B_c6-EUxktnNaj2ZV3bwa-wbfuI_oKDKle_xt5k4y3kae3W7084jv5F4ggic5p0NdSP17mUZVWcxOhVCEjZ-st4CuAXBUPxYzgHpz37xLc0ANR_hh3JcFNbCDn7-1X5u9RsR1-1awz5IYU9if4H_u7R0xw5pBxGAwMrLpeiG_tB-N2C_MW3/w640-h588/Emp%20ind%20gwth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">In the decade from 2007 to 2017 there was a small increase in total built environment employment, however the rate of employment growth since 2018 has been much stronger. The only industry that has not increased employment is Property and real estate services, but in 2020-21 the other industries all had record numbers of people employed after a significant increase in employment. However, this was an unusually large upturn and much larger than the annual increase in output for these industries. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 4<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTA-p-Ax9ht0vEQSsf6nqHXlR6qdxUdiHN-1EANcFrwH13nentq68eVfScUVBOdPZHnya1DaoC7NZyoOQOfEhnIO3TCyN-urykuZtx8N3MbeTKGZNhOQWVfaP0FfbCMaK4KX-tCpR2GTuwV9SwXsB8hZm--guVA_0adgdlXfHj44vQ2vj3oczAidl/s2378/Emp%20x%20ind.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1430" data-original-width="2378" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzTA-p-Ax9ht0vEQSsf6nqHXlR6qdxUdiHN-1EANcFrwH13nentq68eVfScUVBOdPZHnya1DaoC7NZyoOQOfEhnIO3TCyN-urykuZtx8N3MbeTKGZNhOQWVfaP0FfbCMaK4KX-tCpR2GTuwV9SwXsB8hZm--guVA_0adgdlXfHj44vQ2vj3oczAidl/w640-h384/Emp%20x%20ind.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">The average growth rate of total employment in the five years to 2021 has been one percent higher than the 15 year average, at 2.5 percent a year. The highest 5 year average rates of growth in employment were five percent a year in the combined Water supply, sewerage and drainage services and Waste collection, treatment and disposal services, and over four percent a year in Professional services. Also of note is the growth in manufacturing employment after a decade of decline. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 5<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1AFQIZUDOnKabSVenAVPEIX9pLrkna4deCx0em93QyXTNxG-lVVfr_dpQ84YzSMOR1eXev2Xo5DNDq3-WEEk8HvQGUhZQSW2AGMceRFpZmS0QDVnLVyERxgMdSHd97Y6yp0DHXAt6jSQbPDEugLE_wQQ0a-0dJ4mDImEMT6s1EONg5cWGvmvFxl_t/s2076/Emp%20avgs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1283" data-original-width="2076" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1AFQIZUDOnKabSVenAVPEIX9pLrkna4deCx0em93QyXTNxG-lVVfr_dpQ84YzSMOR1eXev2Xo5DNDq3-WEEk8HvQGUhZQSW2AGMceRFpZmS0QDVnLVyERxgMdSHd97Y6yp0DHXAt6jSQbPDEugLE_wQQ0a-0dJ4mDImEMT6s1EONg5cWGvmvFxl_t/w640-h396/Emp%20avgs.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><b>The Australian Built Environment Sector</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><a name="OLE_LINK1">The Australian Built Environment Sector uses </a>data provided in the Australian Bureau of Statistics annual publication <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/latest-release" style="color: #954f72;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Australian Industry</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>produced from a combination of directly collected data from the annual Economic Activity Survey conducted by the ABS, and Business Activity Statement data provided by businesses to the Australian Taxation Office. The data includes all operating business entities and Government owned or controlled Public Non-Financial Corporations. <i><span lang="EN-GB">Australian Industry</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> excludes the finance industry and public sector, but includes non-profits in industries like health and education and </span>government businesses providing water, sewerage and drainage services. The<span lang="EN-GB"> industries included account for around two-thirds of GDP.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span>Industries are groups of firms with common characteristics in products, services, production processes and logistics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Figure 6</p></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSP5g_cM6FP-KGIKLfCDaq2yMisfZCH4_KhBTRcKgPjwIuH87ioWqxcAZlBMeVwZ4HZIxdo2IZaFtfB1oo0ktCPQQnsymxyS9fcQsQYoXEGWMCOGs_tDUwIJZI4qlIRTaamNFzk0c_dHMvzaKY0eE_40BIguiIvIcrnj2QpQVZoJPw-AGwIKRn74-s/s1631/GDP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1127" data-original-width="1631" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSP5g_cM6FP-KGIKLfCDaq2yMisfZCH4_KhBTRcKgPjwIuH87ioWqxcAZlBMeVwZ4HZIxdo2IZaFtfB1oo0ktCPQQnsymxyS9fcQsQYoXEGWMCOGs_tDUwIJZI4qlIRTaamNFzk0c_dHMvzaKY0eE_40BIguiIvIcrnj2QpQVZoJPw-AGwIKRn74-s/w640-h442/GDP.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Data on the construction industry captures the onsite activities of contractors and subcontractors. However, onsite work brings together suppliers of materials, machinery and equipment, products, components and other inputs required to deliver the buildings and structures that make up the built environment. Consultants provide professional services such as design, engineering, urban planning, cost planning and project management as inputs into building and construction projects. There are also inputs from transport, finance and legal services, although data for these services is not available. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Other industries like tourism and defence are structured around such value chains and production networks, and when firms from different industries share sufficient characteristics they are described as an industry cluster or <a href="https://gerard-de-valence.blogspot.com/2019/06/why-we-should-measure-built-environment.html">sector</a>. In the case of tourism an annual <a href="https://gerard-de-valence.blogspot.com/2016/01/a-satellite-account-for-built.html">satellite account</a> that combines the industries involved is produced by the ABS.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Table 1. Industries included in the Australian Built Environment Sector<o:p></o:p></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: black; width: 614px;"><tbody><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Supply industries<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Demand industries<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="208"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Maintenance industries<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Non-metallic mining and quarrying<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Residential property <o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="208"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Water, sewerage and drainage<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Building construction<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Non-residential property <o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="208"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Waste collection, and disposal <o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Heavy and civil engineering <o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Real estate services<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" width="208"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Building and industrial cleaning <o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Construction services<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"></td><td style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" width="208"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Building pest control services<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Architectural services<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" width="208"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Gardening services<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Surveying and mapping services<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="208"></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Engineering design and consulting<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"></td><td nowrap="" style="height: 14.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="208"></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.35pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: none none solid; height: 2.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;">Manufacturing industries<o:p></o:p></p></td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: none none solid; height: 2.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="170"></td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: none none solid; height: 2.35pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="208"></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-17743719036639135082022-09-22T16:59:00.003+10:002024-03-01T11:39:32.154+11:00Comparisons of Construction to Manufacturing Use Flawed Data<p><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span><img alt="" data-load-done="" data-pin-media="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/055723fba94a48ba91bd44bd077cc175.jpg/v1/fit/w_1000%2Ch_1000%2Cal_c%2Cq_80,enc_auto/file.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.constructioneconomicsresearch.com/post/comparisons-of-construction-to-manufacturing-use-flawed-data" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/055723fba94a48ba91bd44bd077cc175.jpg/v1/fill/w_640,h_428,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/055723fba94a48ba91bd44bd077cc175.jpg" style="height: 428px; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% center; width: 640px;" /></p><p><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Construction productivity has been negatively compared with manufacturing (e.g. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/improving-construction-productivity">McKinsey</a>), and the comparisons are typically between all of construction and all of manufacturing. The problem is that both are averages of extremely varied economic activities of firms, based on data collected by the standard industrial classification (SIC) system. This makes useful comparisons between the two difficult, as this post using UK data argues. The post first breaks down industry statistics on UK construction and manufacturing to show the structural differences, and then compares construction to the car industry, showing a comparison between the two requires including repair and maintenance with vehicle manufacture. Lessons from other industries and their production methods and processes can be useful and informative, however, comparing performance between industries is very difficult without adjustments to make the subjects comparable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The production of building elements and components somewhere other than the construction site has been variously called prefabrication</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, pre-cast and pre-assembly construction, and offsite manufacturing</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> (OSM</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">). The degree of OSM and preassembly varies from basic sub-assemblies to entire modules, and the use of OSM varies greatly from country to country. Types of offsite construction are panelised systems, volumetric systems with partial assembly of rooms, units or pods offsite, and factory built modular components or homes. Offsite manufacture is used to describe factory production and preassembly of components, elements or modules. Prefabrication is used to describe offsite production of components that are installed onsite. T</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">he idea that OSM and prefabrication</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> are the solution to problems of poor quality and low productivity</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> in construction became central to the movement to ‘reform’ construction by making it more like manufacturing.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-NZ" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Advocates of industrialized building argued for construction to adopt similar production practices to manufacturing, particularly car manufacturing. However, while there are some factory made buildings, the number and type of standardized buildings is limited, whereas opportunities for producers of standardized construction products are widespread. Onsite production is organized around those standard parts and materials but manufacturing, in contrast, is organized around standardised products and continuous production runs. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">In UK construction the largest grouping by number of enterprises and employment is specialised construction, typically single trade contractors (there are 17 individual industries or trades under SIC 43). The largest group by turnover is building contractors, including residential and non-residential building with only two SIC sub-categories. Civil engineering contractors have the smallest number of enterprises and employment but the highest average number of employees and highest average turnover per enterprise. Civil engineering work is typically of larger scale compared to building work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Table 1. UK Construction turnover 2019<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 11pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0GnPyX29p2XEXWp0YF3TRUBnc9EHj5HPctPApZb3xuzABvM7IF3JcjgVjHwB-2LK5E6ePKs8gntnQqYc6ltjDLW4KAUCIw_HCtAhKaOUgZsuJPP-DfuAlsbawqz7ESZxRd3stqdpTm-Wht8VlLTkoW-BRhT0xa8-NQzmJztv5X90h4IOyMV_3I39NEo/s866/Screen%20Shot%202022-09-22%20at%204.22.05%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="866" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij0GnPyX29p2XEXWp0YF3TRUBnc9EHj5HPctPApZb3xuzABvM7IF3JcjgVjHwB-2LK5E6ePKs8gntnQqYc6ltjDLW4KAUCIw_HCtAhKaOUgZsuJPP-DfuAlsbawqz7ESZxRd3stqdpTm-Wht8VlLTkoW-BRhT0xa8-NQzmJztv5X90h4IOyMV_3I39NEo/w400-h230/Screen%20Shot%202022-09-22%20at%204.22.05%20pm.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />Source: <span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> Meikle, J. and de Valence, G. 2022. Construction products and producers: One industry or three, in Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) </span><i style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Describing Construction: Industries, projects and firms</i><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">London: Taylor and Francis</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">. Data from ONS Annual Business Survey 2018.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Data on construction turnover by size of firm includes the value of subcontracting and construction work by non-contractors. The distribution of construction turnover by number and size of firm and average turnover per firm is: 99% of construction firms have less than 50 employees and are responsible for just over 50% of turnover; and 94% of firms have less than 10 employees and are responsible for around 35% of turnover. At the other end of the size scale, less than 1% of firms, those with 50 or more employees, are responsible for the other 50% of turnover. Around 0.1%, a few hundred, are responsible for around 30% of turnover and each of these has an annual turnover averaging around £275 million. The structure of the construction typically takes this form. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Table 2. Construction firms by employment 2019<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6DQwbkmOZ-321oy7KMVxnt3AmRr1A6jAhXedl8Mehm2qWrQXvfvGqJl1-G4n6FJgaudeoshn0YxDOJcmpNk0w6c2dAnExy3L3bsWv9IJNGbRu9RdDy-HJRS4DZOoAp1eacUNKutbIPoyX_8uefmbPMrs7D84RjCm6nQMmw342zGf3TGFTTWuOvA0rodc/s672/Screen%20Shot%202022-09-22%20at%204.20.43%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="672" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6DQwbkmOZ-321oy7KMVxnt3AmRr1A6jAhXedl8Mehm2qWrQXvfvGqJl1-G4n6FJgaudeoshn0YxDOJcmpNk0w6c2dAnExy3L3bsWv9IJNGbRu9RdDy-HJRS4DZOoAp1eacUNKutbIPoyX_8uefmbPMrs7D84RjCm6nQMmw342zGf3TGFTTWuOvA0rodc/w400-h163/Screen%20Shot%202022-09-22%20at%204.20.43%20pm.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 11pt;">Source: </span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> Meikle, J. and de Valence, G. 2022. Construction products and producers: One industry or three, in Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) </span><i style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Describing Construction: Industries, projects and firms</i><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">London: Taylor and Francis</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">. Data from ONS Annual Business Survey 2018.</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Although the SIC groups all construction firms into a single category, that is for statistical convenience based on conventions developed originally for classifying manufacturing. The exclusion of design from construction output while included in manufacturing and the inclusion of R&M in construction but not in manufacturing is one result.<a href="applewebdata://770FF100-77FA-41FA-9D1F-F94C844A0B87#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a> Another is the view of construction as a single industry, producing and maintaining buildings and structures, despite their many different types and the differences in the producers and processes used in their delivery. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Manufacturing in the UK comprises 24 two-digit industrial groups (SIC 10 to SIC 33), for example, food products (SIC 10), manufacture of paper and paper products (SIC 17) and manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (SIC 29); and 325 individual industries. Manufacturing of fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment (SIC 25) is the largest two-digit group with 22 individual industries, 26,301 total group enterprises and total group turnover of £23.6 billion; the smallest is the single industry group of manufacture of tobacco products (SIC 12) with nine enterprises and a turnover of £12 million. Manufacturing is not only relatively large but extremely diverse and industry policies have reflected that by targeting specific industries such as IT and automobiles for example.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">The table below shows that total UK Construction turnover is less than 50% of Manufacturing turnover, although it is much larger than any individual manufacturing industry. Manufacturing has 21% of firms that are small and medium size, construction has 6%, and manufacturing turnover is more concentrated in the larger firms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><a name="_Toc109330382"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Table 3. UK construction and manufacturing compared by size of firm</span></a><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPtwdg45R7gVUaogQk9UfNwG9yhau0yJXTgcugx_BWX6jOmrImGEhtO_65BXPZ2jN297Pf5yHvTH2ASJkjNqy9t8HFL72n-19ZeacROjHqyIYCslfkaOu5lyCW0R2sNi9LpGX3WlNItK9lPwZkXIyZmWlTGONCyqBgfNFcA5-TSgRHTFt1vK7qtTdfdJo/s1094/Screen%20Shot%202022-09-22%20at%204.14.36%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="1094" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPtwdg45R7gVUaogQk9UfNwG9yhau0yJXTgcugx_BWX6jOmrImGEhtO_65BXPZ2jN297Pf5yHvTH2ASJkjNqy9t8HFL72n-19ZeacROjHqyIYCslfkaOu5lyCW0R2sNi9LpGX3WlNItK9lPwZkXIyZmWlTGONCyqBgfNFcA5-TSgRHTFt1vK7qtTdfdJo/w400-h200/Screen%20Shot%202022-09-22%20at%204.14.36%20pm.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Source: Meikle, J. and de Valence, G. 2022. Construction products and producers: One industry or three, in Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) </span><i style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Describing Construction: Industries, projects and firms</i><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">London: Taylor and Francis</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">. Data from ONS Annual Business Survey 2018.</span></div><div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">The largest UK manufacturing industry in 2018 was motor vehicles, with 22% of construction turnover and 5.5% of construction employment, and it is manufacture of motor vehicles that is often compared with construction and used as the example to be followed in OSM. Based on turnover per employee (an imperfect but indicative measure of productivity), vehicle manufacturing (&07,965) is over three times as productive as construction (197,902). This might be the case, or it may be a statistical illusion, created by the framework of the SIC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><a name="_Toc109330383"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Table 4. Comparing UK construction and vehicle manufacture</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHlVvyOb_RwmkbebUodTp0J7uPLF12d-M-h_dhRI2l49oBCvG8bIHIfkKjGRQF3y4JX_O-t_s65FSUqOOoG_Y1oPgc1-jAdwmLufKZgEo2Rn-D94TYJwwiRef3rkYRRsYEKip55Qgd2bAqAP1jaHXfFz5UuDVkO4yjDB57L7eoxgIEbci66Tc5nPHVBQ/s390/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%2011.35.32%E2%80%AFam.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="390" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHlVvyOb_RwmkbebUodTp0J7uPLF12d-M-h_dhRI2l49oBCvG8bIHIfkKjGRQF3y4JX_O-t_s65FSUqOOoG_Y1oPgc1-jAdwmLufKZgEo2Rn-D94TYJwwiRef3rkYRRsYEKip55Qgd2bAqAP1jaHXfFz5UuDVkO4yjDB57L7eoxgIEbci66Tc5nPHVBQ/w400-h181/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%2011.35.32%E2%80%AFam.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Source: Meikle, J. and de Valence, G. 2022. Construction products and producers: One industry or three, in Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) </span><i style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Describing Construction: Industries, projects and firms</i><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">London: Taylor and Francis</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">. Data from ONS Annual Business Survey 2018.</span></div><div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Table 5 breaks down construction to its main components and adjusts manufacturing by including both the manufacture and repair and the maintenance of motor vehicles. All construction includes both new construction and the repair and maintenance of existing buildings and works. The manufacture of motor vehicles does not. In order to adjust for this, maintenance of vehicles (SIC 45.2) should be added to manufacture of vehicles (SIC 29.1) to make the groups more comparable. When vehicle maintenance is added to manufacture, turnover increases by 58% but employment increases by almost 180%. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">This allows a more realistic comparison and reveals that motor vehicles and their maintenance (SIC 29.1 plus SIC 45.2) has almost the same turnover per worker (1.6mn) as building construction (1.4mn), twice that of specialist construction (0.9mn) but less than engineering construction (2.1mn). Turnover per worker is a metric of productivity and, on this basis, all construction is less productive than all manufacturing and much less productive than motor vehicle production. However, when repair is added to manufacture, the car industry is on a par with building, the largest part of construction. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">Table 5. Turnover and employment by SIC division 2018<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF9QmJEMCBOfM5SyQv5qUrGLDrVW_yYYBal08ZADgtAhTAUnuPA0zSg20gODE8bzor-EtChE4g8btcEi00yJ6RXzY3u3f9quDa7_2dK-F-cohpulcua0ncAgD3H74tr4frVjFLL8wtR4uChuQ5Zfn-pYN9cUMjb0ycV3ycY7UYSznbS0AIR8m5nOOymQg/s520/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%2011.36.14%E2%80%AFam.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="520" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF9QmJEMCBOfM5SyQv5qUrGLDrVW_yYYBal08ZADgtAhTAUnuPA0zSg20gODE8bzor-EtChE4g8btcEi00yJ6RXzY3u3f9quDa7_2dK-F-cohpulcua0ncAgD3H74tr4frVjFLL8wtR4uChuQ5Zfn-pYN9cUMjb0ycV3ycY7UYSznbS0AIR8m5nOOymQg/w400-h170/Screenshot%202024-03-01%20at%2011.36.14%E2%80%AFam.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Source: </span></span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> Meikle, J. and de Valence, G. 2022. Construction products and producers: One industry or three, in Best, R. and Meikle, J. (eds.) </span><i style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">Describing Construction: Industries, projects and firms</i><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">London: Taylor and Francis</span><span style="font-family: Abel; font-size: 12pt;">. Data from ONS Annual Business Survey 2018.</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">With the differences in these industries in terms of firm size, turnover and employment, it is difficult to draw clear conclusions from a comparison of their structure, economic performance or productivity. Vehicle manufacture and, to a lesser extent vehicle repair and maintenance, are capital intensive businesses. Construction, generally, is not, although a few activities like tunnelling and prefabricated housing are. Comparisons between manufacturing and construction based on the figures from the SIC are not helpful or accurate without adjustment. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Nevertheless, on the basis of these comparisons, for the last three decades advocates for applying production methods from car manufacturing to offsite manufacturing in construction have argued this is necessary to improve construction productivity and products. Despite the distinctly different characteristics of manufacturing and construction there have been and are many attempts to industrialize construction. However, a</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">fter decades of efforts to promote OSM</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, t</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">he market share of OSM remains small, estimates are low single digits of total construction work in the UK, US and Australia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">. Success elsewhere is restricted to specific markets such as fast food outlets and hotels, or house manufacturers like the Japanese and Scandinavian firms Sekisui and Ikea. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">The US and UK governments have both supported OSM</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, with the UK government funding research, publishing case studies and promoting OSM in construction for decades.<a href="applewebdata://B360171A-73B1-4B02-AC75-DB92BF17FDE9#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a> In the US a Technology Roadmap for Advanced panelised construction was produced in 2003 for the Department of Housing and Urban Development</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> as a Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing (PATH<a href="applewebdata://B360171A-73B1-4B02-AC75-DB92BF17FDE9#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></a>). Despite these efforts, offsite production is not industry practice in either country. Although pre-cast concrete</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> and panelised construction are widely used, OSM has not led to significant advances in mechanization or required a thorough reorganization of project management methods. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;">OSM markets exist mainly in housing and institutional building, wherever it is the most effective or efficient piece of technology available and there is a lot of repetition from project to project. This manufacturing-centric view of progress in construction, endorsed by numerous government and industry reports, was the end point of the development trajectory from the first to the third industrial revolutions. Despite all efforts this has not become the primary system of construction of the built environment because OSM does not deliver a decisive advantage over onsite production for the great majority of projects. Instead, construction has a deep, diverse and specialised value chain that resists integration because it is flexible and adapted to economic variability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Abel;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="edn1"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><a href="applewebdata://B360171A-73B1-4B02-AC75-DB92BF17FDE9#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> Farmer, M. 2016. <i>Modernise or die</i>, London: Construction Leadership Council.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn2"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><a href="applewebdata://B360171A-73B1-4B02-AC75-DB92BF17FDE9#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">PATH, 2004. <i>Technology Roadmap: Advanced panelised construction, 2003 Progress Report.</i> Partnership for Advanced Technology in Housing (PATH), Department of Housing and Urban Development</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">, Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, D.C.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Abel;"><a href="applewebdata://770FF100-77FA-41FA-9D1F-F94C844A0B87#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Despite the importance of repair and maintenance, only Canada has an annual business capital and repair expenditures survey. Between 2006 and 2016 construction R&M by firms averaged nine percent of their total capital expenditure, or around 1.2 percent of GDP, ranging between one percent of GDP in 2006 and 1.3 percent in 2012. Statistics Canada. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; text-indent: -14.2pt;">Table: 34-10-0035-01</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Capital and repair expenditures, non-residential tangible assets</span></i></span></p></div></div></div><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866667px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-20347909073443522192022-08-29T21:09:00.000+10:002022-08-29T21:09:24.704+10:00Construction Industry Policy and Industry Culture <p> </p><p><br /></p><figure class="_2zSkX FSEVs" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="f56ui-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="_1BaDs _2OtS3 CKAfH _1CBud 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/></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="580sv-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="580sv-0-0"><span data-offset-key="580sv-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">In</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">time</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rapid</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">urbanisation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">great</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">social</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environmental</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">challenges,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">associated</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">housing,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">infrastructure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">urban</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">become</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">central</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">quality</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">major</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">determinant</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">quality</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">life.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Further,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cities</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">at</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">centre</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">modern</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">fundamental</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sense,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">how</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cities</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">function</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">depends</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">how</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">diverse</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">organizations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">across</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sector</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">can</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">design,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">deliver</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">operate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">required.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">resilience</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cities</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">climate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">being</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">tested</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">temperatures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">increase</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">fires</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">floods</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">become</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">more</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intense.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">However,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">because</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">range</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">complexity</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">difficult</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-247-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-248-0" style="font-size: 12px;">develop</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-249-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-250-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-251-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-252-0" style="font-size: 12px;">implement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-253-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-254-0" style="font-size: 12px;">coordinated</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-255-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-256-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-257-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-258-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-259-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-260-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-261-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-262-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-263-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-264-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-265-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-266-0" style="font-size: 12px;">address</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-267-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-268-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-269-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-270-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="580sv-271-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="580sv-272-0" style="font-size: 12px;">satisfactorily. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="a78od-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a78od-0-0"><span data-offset-key="a78od-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="99net-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="99net-0-0"><span data-offset-key="99net-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">out</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">favour</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">couple</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">decades</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">before</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">financial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">crisis</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">2007-08</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">US,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Australia,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">although</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">European</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Union</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">(EU)</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Asian</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">followed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">developed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">national</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">plans.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">This</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">partly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ideological,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">view</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">another</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intervention</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">requires</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">picking</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">winners,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">partly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">because</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">some</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">traditionally</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">addressed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">tariffs</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">market</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">access</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">moved</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">into</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">negotiations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">around</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">trade</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">at</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">both</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">global</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">level</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">increasing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">number</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regional</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">bilateral</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">trade</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="99net-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="99net-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">agreements. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="6melr-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6melr-0-0"><span data-offset-key="6melr-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="6tbij-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6tbij-0-0"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Following</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">financial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">crisis</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">looking</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sources</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">growth</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">employment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">creation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">began</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focusing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">specific</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sectors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">manufacturing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">services</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">where</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">saw</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">opportunity</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">global</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">value</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">chains.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Environmental</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">standards</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">supporting</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">renewable</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">energy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">developed.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">pharmaceuticals</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">biotechnology,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">semiconductors,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">aerospace,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">IT,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">AI,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cars</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">steel</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">featured</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Any</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intervention</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intended</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strengthen</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">an</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regularly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">establish</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">priorities</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">target</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">protect</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">favour</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">legislation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reasons</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">some</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">them</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">long</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">term,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">innovation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">programs</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">associated</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">challenges,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">roadmaps</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">milestones,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">programs</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">currently</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">involve</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">digitization</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">automation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">some</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="6tbij-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="6tbij-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">form.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3vgpr-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3vgpr-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3vgpr-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="38p9c-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="38p9c-0-0"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">These</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">little</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practical</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">difference</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">between</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">country’s</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">national</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industrial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">They</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">both</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">typically</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">framed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">around</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">competitiveness</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">productivity,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">innovation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">R&D,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">follow</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">pathways</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">roadmaps</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">through</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">scenarios</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">scoping</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">studies.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Some</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">agriculture,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">steel</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">automobiles</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regarded</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">always</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">been</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">surrounded</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rules</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subject</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intervention.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Governments’</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">science</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technology</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">influence</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industrial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">structure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">macroeconomic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">affect</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">development.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">For</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">emphasis</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">has</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">shifted</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">4.0</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technologies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">AI,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">respond</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="38p9c-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="38p9c-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technologies. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="2oodi-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="2oodi-0-0"><span data-offset-key="2oodi-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cco7i-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cco7i-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">target</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">supply</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">side</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">high</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">profile</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">others,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">don’t</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">get</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regular</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">updates</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">monthly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">unemployment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">quarterly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">GDP</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">statistics</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">capture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">attention</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">announcements</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">interest</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">changes.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Because</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">productivity</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">has</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">become</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">measure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">used</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">performance,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">despite</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">statistical</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">questions</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">raises,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">has</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">often</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">been</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">target</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">However,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">measures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">will</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">only</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">affect</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">productivity</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">long</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">run,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">examples</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">education,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">training,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">infrastructure,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">innovation,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">R&D,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">capital</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">expenditure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subsidies,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">pilot</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">demonstration</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Therefore,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">results</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">take</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">time</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">take</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">longer</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">than</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">electoral</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cycle</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">develop,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">so</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">often</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">little</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">benefit</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">day</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">even</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">if</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;">working</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cco7i-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cco7i-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="etpk8-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="etpk8-0-0"><span data-offset-key="etpk8-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="7acdb-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7acdb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">When</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intention</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">such</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">influence</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">country’s</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">structure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">development</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">can</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">described</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industrial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">What</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">history</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">generally</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">does</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">show</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">hard</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">get</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">an</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">right</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">implementation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">difficult.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Traditionally</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">manufacturing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">after</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">2007</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">approach</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">became</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">more</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">about</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">coordinating</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">wide</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">range</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">achieve</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">both</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">social</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">objectives.</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[i]</span></a><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Climate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environmental</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;">become</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;">range</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;">aimed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;">at</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reducing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;">emissions.</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[ii]</span></a><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rollout</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">protective</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">equipment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">vaccines</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">during</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Covid</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">pandemic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">2020-21</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">both</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">tested</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">accelerated</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">new</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="7acdb-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="7acdb-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">approach.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3tbkn-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3tbkn-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3tbkn-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="7shto-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7shto-0-0"><span data-offset-key="7shto-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="esfjc-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="esfjc-0-0"><span data-offset-key="esfjc-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="esfjc-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="esfjc-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="esfjc-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="esfjc-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Policy</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="5ghpi-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5ghpi-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5ghpi-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="1k6e7-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="1k6e7-0-0"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">As</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">common</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">targeting</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">innovation,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">training</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">business</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">investment,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">also</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subject</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">other</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulations,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">legislation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">On</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">demand</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">side</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">interest</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rates,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">taxes,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">infrastructure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">spending,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">urban</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">development</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">housing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">all</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">important,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">also</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">external</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sector</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">itself</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">determined</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">wide</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">range</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">factors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">beyond</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sector.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Then</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">effects</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">planning</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environmental</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">restrictions</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">limiting</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">supply</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">new</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">housing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">infrastructure,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">an</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issue</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">has</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">featured</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recent</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">debates</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">spills</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">over</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">into</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">other</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">around</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">affordability</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">housing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">location</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cost</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">major</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">number</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">different</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;">departments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-247-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-248-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-249-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-250-0" style="font-size: 12px;">agencies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-251-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-252-0" style="font-size: 12px;">involved</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-253-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-254-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-255-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-256-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulating</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-257-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-258-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-259-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-260-0" style="font-size: 12px;">built</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-261-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-262-0" style="font-size: 12px;">environment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-263-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-264-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-265-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-266-0" style="font-size: 12px;">often</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-267-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-268-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-269-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-270-0" style="font-size: 12px;">major</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-271-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-272-0" style="font-size: 12px;">barrier</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-273-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-274-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-275-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-276-0" style="font-size: 12px;">innovation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-277-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-278-0" style="font-size: 12px;">because</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-279-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-280-0" style="font-size: 12px;">coordination</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-281-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-282-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-283-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-284-0" style="font-size: 12px;">difficult</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-285-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-286-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-287-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-288-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-289-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-290-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-291-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-292-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-293-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-294-0" style="font-size: 12px;">opportunities</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-295-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-296-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-297-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-298-0" style="font-size: 12px;">incumbents</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-299-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-300-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-301-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-302-0" style="font-size: 12px;">delay</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-303-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-304-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-305-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-306-0" style="font-size: 12px;">derail</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-307-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-308-0" style="font-size: 12px;">progress</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-309-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-310-0" style="font-size: 12px;">when</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-311-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-312-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reforms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-313-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-314-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-315-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="1k6e7-316-0" style="font-size: 12px;">proposed. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8akdd-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8akdd-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8akdd-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="cse0f-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cse0f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sector</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">collectively</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">largest</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">client</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">expenditure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">spread</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">over</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">departments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">health,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">education,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">transport</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">defence,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">unrelenting</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">pressure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">from</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sector</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">lowest</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">possible</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cost</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">work.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">In</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practice,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">significant</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">institutional</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">constraints</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">buying</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">power.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Although</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reports</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommended</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">leveraging</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">procurement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">buildings</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">structures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">push</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reform</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">widely</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">used,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">despite</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">being</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">common</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practice</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Asian</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">countries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Singapore</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="cse0f-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="cse0f-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Japan.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="etr6l-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="etr6l-0-0"><span data-offset-key="etr6l-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8vm8t-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8vm8t-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">While</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">fact</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">can</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">major</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">impacts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">through</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulation,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">tax,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">training, </span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">innovation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">R&D</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">effect</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">uneven</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">can</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">hard</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">discern.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">For</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">example,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">large</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">capital</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intensive</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">respond</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">differently</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">large</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">do</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">professional</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">service</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">SMEs</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">compared</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">trade</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">SMEs.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Two</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">areas</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">where</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">had</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">some</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">success</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">promoting</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">development</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">discussed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">previous</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">posts:</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">mandates</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">standards</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8vm8t-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">codes.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="d6cvf-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="d6cvf-0-0"><span data-offset-key="d6cvf-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="dj33m-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dj33m-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dj33m-0-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="dj33m-1-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="dj33m-2-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="dj33m-3-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="dj33m-4-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="dj33m-5-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="dj33m-6-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="dj33m-7-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="dj33m-8-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Culture</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="fhfl7-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="fhfl7-0-0"><span data-offset-key="fhfl7-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3pjfk-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3pjfk-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Contractual</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">relationships</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">much</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reform</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">agenda</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">1990s</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">2000s.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">In</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Simon</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Committee</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">report</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">1944</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contracts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">called</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cultural</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">did</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Latham</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Report</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">50</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">years</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">later.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Egan</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">1998</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">introduced</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">benchmarking</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">against</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">best</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practice</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">improve</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">productivity</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Constructing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Excellence</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">documented</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">demonstration</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">In</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">book</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-124-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-126-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Reports</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-127-0" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Murray</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Langford</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thought</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">‘demands</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cannot</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">met</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">so</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">lead</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">an</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cannot</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">attract</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">staff</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">deliver</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">buildings</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">time,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">increased</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">costs</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">questionable</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">quality.’</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[iii]</span></a><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Other</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;">critics</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;">attacked</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reform</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;">movement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;">its</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technocratic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;">managerial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;">approach</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[iv]</span></a><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;">language</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;">used.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;">By</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;">2011,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;">when</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;">new</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;">launched,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-247-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-248-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-249-0" style="font-size: 12px;">had</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-250-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-251-0" style="font-size: 12px;">been</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-252-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-253-0" style="font-size: 12px;">little</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-254-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-255-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-256-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-257-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-258-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-259-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-260-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-261-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-262-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-263-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-264-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-265-0" style="font-size: 12px;">awarded</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-266-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-267-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-268-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-269-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-270-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-271-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-272-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-273-0" style="font-size: 12px;">lowest</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-274-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-275-0" style="font-size: 12px;">bidder</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-276-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-277-0" style="font-size: 12px;">while</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-278-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-279-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-280-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-281-0" style="font-size: 12px;">offloaded</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-282-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-283-0" style="font-size: 12px;">risks</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-284-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-285-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-286-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-287-0" style="font-size: 12px;">maximised</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-288-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="3pjfk-289-0" style="font-size: 12px;">profits.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="dg86j-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dg86j-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dg86j-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="75tu4-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="75tu4-0-0"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">That</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">series</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reports</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">required,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">averaging</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">over</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">two</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">decade</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">50</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">years</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">(many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">others</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">included</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Murray</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Langford),</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">shows</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">how</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ineffective</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">developing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">address</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">raised.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">explanation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ineffectiveness</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">offered</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Latham</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Egan</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reports</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">broadly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">seen</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">custom</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practices</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">underlying</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">business</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">model</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Latham</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focused</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">procurement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractual</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">relations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommendations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">an</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">adversarial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">calling</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">more</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">collaboration</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">between</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcontractors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">consultants,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">more</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cooperative</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practices.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">He</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommended</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">‘Partnering’</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">between</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">realise</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="75tu4-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="75tu4-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="uabe-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="uabe-0-0"><span data-offset-key="uabe-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="c1amf-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="c1amf-0-0"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clearly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">important,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">also</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clear</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">malleable</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">does</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">easily</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">or</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">quickly.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">A</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">better</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">explanation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">lack</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">impact</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reports</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommendations,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ineffectiveness</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reforming</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">required.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">problem</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">making</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">process,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">resistant</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">evidence</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subject</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ministerial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">whims</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">churn,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">becoming</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">politicised</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">once</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">enter</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">debate?</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">In</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technocratic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">system</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">production</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulatory</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">proposals</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">often</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">lack</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">convincing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">evidence</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">base,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">can</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">poorly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">integrated</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">impact</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">assessment</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">development</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">processes.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">generic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">‘problem-inspired’</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industrial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">developed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">central</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policymakers</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">also</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">interpreted</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">‘problem-solving’</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">implementers</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">responding</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">nuances</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;">local</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;">context</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-247-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-248-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="c1amf-249-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="c1amf-250-0" style="font-size: 12px;">capability. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8teh5-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8teh5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8teh5-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="4j5ki-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4j5ki-0-0"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">better</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">viewed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">three</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">when</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">differences</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">between</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">residential</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">non-residential</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">engineering</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">taken</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">into</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">account.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Within</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">broad</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">own</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">permeable</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">distinct</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcultures,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">based</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">differences</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">processes,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">products</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">markets.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">If</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">each</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">three</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">different,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommendations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">directed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">at</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">single</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">unlikely</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">relevant</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">across</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">them</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">will</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">disregarded</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Clients</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">also</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">different</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">can</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">generalised</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">households,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">businesses</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sector,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">their</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">relationships</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">varies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">accordingly.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Another</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">example</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">design,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">where</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">house</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">builders</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">have</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">pattern</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">books,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">commercial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">uses</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">architects,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">infrastructure</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">designed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4j5ki-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;">engineers. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="b2tkv-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="b2tkv-0-0"><span data-offset-key="b2tkv-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="jevb-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="jevb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="jevb-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">These</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">structural</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">differences</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">between</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">three</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">affects</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">way</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">designers</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">suppliers</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">will</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">interact,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">each</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">has</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">developed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">individual</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">characteristics</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">over</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">time</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">within</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">broader</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">become</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">particular</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry’s</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subculture.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">specific</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">nature</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcultures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">often</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">makes</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommendations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">directed</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">at</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">single</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ineffective.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">With</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">separate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">separate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcultures,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">separate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">are</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">required.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">A</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">broad</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">sort</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">targets</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">single</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">will</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">challenged</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">by</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">three</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">deeply</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">entrenched</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcultures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">limited,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">though</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">important,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">similarities.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Research</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reports</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">treat</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">single</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">share</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="jevb-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="jevb-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">problem. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="9hinm-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9hinm-0-0"><span data-offset-key="9hinm-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8kk27-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8kk27-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">government</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">mandate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">use</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">has</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">been</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">much</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">more</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">effective</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">last</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">10</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">years</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">than</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">previous</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">six</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">decades</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">exhortations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">recommendations</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Recognising</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">provision</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clauses</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">covering</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contentious</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contracts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">(such</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intellectual</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">property</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">data</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ownership)</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">worked</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rather</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">than</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">against</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practice</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Framework</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">provided</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">roadmap</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clients</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">development</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">standards</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">provided</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">toolkit.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Also,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">local</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">governments,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">universities,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">regulators</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">bodies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">all</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">given</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">significant</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">but</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">loosely</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">specified</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">roles</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">support</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="8kk27-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="8kk27-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">engagement.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="96io1-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="96io1-0-0"><span data-offset-key="96io1-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="ci8p4-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ci8p4-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">applied</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">all</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">involved</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">included</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">designers,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">consultants</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">suppliers</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contractors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcontractors.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">targeted</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technology</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">adoption</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">‘construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry’,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">which</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">really</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">three</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">separate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">residential</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">non-residential</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">building</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">engineering</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">each</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">distinctive</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">characteristics.</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[v]</span></a><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;">The</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;">differences</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;">subcultures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;">separate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industries</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;">accounts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;">differing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rates</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;">uptake</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;">found</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;">across</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;">since</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;">launch</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ci8p4-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="98vlb-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="98vlb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="98vlb-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="ckfau-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ckfau-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">complex</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">outcome</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">social,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">institutional</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">economic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">factors.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Because</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">range</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">dynamic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">interplay</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">those</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">factors</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">an</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">appropriate</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">target</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policy,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">history</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reform</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">efforts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">argued</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cultural</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">necessary</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">improvement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">UK,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">documented</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">over</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">decades</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">series</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">reports,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clearly</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">shows.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">When</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">new</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">was</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">launched</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">2011</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">focus</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">shifted</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">from</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">using</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">procurement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">foster</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cultural</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">change</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">requiring</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">over</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">next</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">decade</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">succeeded</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">increasing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">use</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">around</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">half</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">firms</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">majority</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">public</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">projects.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Despite</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-219-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-220-0" style="font-size: 12px;">all</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-221-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-222-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-223-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-224-0" style="font-size: 12px;">claims</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-225-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-226-0" style="font-size: 12px;">made</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-227-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-228-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-229-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-230-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-231-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-232-0" style="font-size: 12px;">changing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-233-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-234-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-235-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-236-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-237-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-238-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-239-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-240-0" style="font-size: 12px;">increasing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-241-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-242-0" style="font-size: 12px;">collaboration,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-243-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-244-0" style="font-size: 12px;">if</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-245-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-246-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-247-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-248-0" style="font-size: 12px;">were</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-249-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-250-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-251-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-252-0" style="font-size: 12px;">come</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-253-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-254-0" style="font-size: 12px;">about</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-255-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-256-0" style="font-size: 12px;">it</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-257-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-258-0" style="font-size: 12px;">would</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-259-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-260-0" style="font-size: 12px;">be</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-261-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-262-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-263-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-264-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-265-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-266-0" style="font-size: 12px;">consequence</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-267-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-268-0" style="font-size: 12px;">not</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-269-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-270-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-271-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-272-0" style="font-size: 12px;">cause</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-273-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-274-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-275-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-276-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-277-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-278-0" style="font-size: 12px;">improvement</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-279-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-280-0" style="font-size: 12px;">from</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-281-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-282-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-283-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-284-0" style="font-size: 12px;">new</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-285-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-286-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-287-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-288-0" style="font-size: 12px;">strategy.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-289-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-290-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Recognising</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-291-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-292-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-293-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-294-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-295-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-296-0" style="font-size: 12px;">provision</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-297-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-298-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-299-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-300-0" style="font-size: 12px;">clauses</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-301-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-302-0" style="font-size: 12px;">covering</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-303-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-304-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contentious</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-305-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-306-0" style="font-size: 12px;">issues</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-307-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-308-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-309-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-310-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-311-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-312-0" style="font-size: 12px;">contracts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-313-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-314-0" style="font-size: 12px;">(such</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-315-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-316-0" style="font-size: 12px;">as</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-317-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-318-0" style="font-size: 12px;">intellectual</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-319-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-320-0" style="font-size: 12px;">property</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-321-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-322-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-323-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-324-0" style="font-size: 12px;">data</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-325-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-326-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ownership)</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-327-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-328-0" style="font-size: 12px;">worked</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-329-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-330-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-331-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-332-0" style="font-size: 12px;">rather</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-333-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-334-0" style="font-size: 12px;">than</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-335-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-336-0" style="font-size: 12px;">against</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-337-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-338-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-339-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-340-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practice</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-341-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-342-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="ckfau-343-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="ckfau-344-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture.</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="8oli4-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8oli4-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8oli4-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="4n925-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4n925-0-0"><span data-offset-key="4n925-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Another</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;">aspect</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-11-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-12-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-13-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-14-0" style="font-size: 12px;">that</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-15-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-16-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-17-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-18-0" style="font-size: 12px;">nature</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-19-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-20-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-21-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-22-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-23-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-24-0" style="font-size: 12px;">work</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-25-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-26-0" style="font-size: 12px;">attracts</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-27-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-28-0" style="font-size: 12px;">many</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-29-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-30-0" style="font-size: 12px;">people</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-31-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-32-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-33-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-34-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technical</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-35-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-36-0" style="font-size: 12px;">skills</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-37-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-38-0" style="font-size: 12px;">who</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-39-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-40-0" style="font-size: 12px;">use</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-41-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-42-0" style="font-size: 12px;">‘technological</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-43-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-44-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thinking’</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-45-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-46-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-47-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-48-0" style="font-size: 12px;">find</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-49-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-50-0" style="font-size: 12px;">solutions</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-51-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-52-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-53-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-54-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-55-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-56-0" style="font-size: 12px;">various</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-57-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-58-0" style="font-size: 12px;">problems</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-59-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-60-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-61-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-62-0" style="font-size: 12px;">project</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-63-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-64-0" style="font-size: 12px;">will</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-65-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-66-0" style="font-size: 12px;">encounter</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-67-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-68-0" style="font-size: 12px;">between</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-69-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-70-0" style="font-size: 12px;">inception</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-71-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-72-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-73-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-74-0" style="font-size: 12px;">delivery.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-75-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-76-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Technological</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-77-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-78-0" style="font-size: 12px;">thinking</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-79-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-80-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-81-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-82-0" style="font-size: 12px;">essentially</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-83-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-84-0" style="font-size: 12px;">problem-solving</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-85-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-86-0" style="font-size: 12px;">through</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-87-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-88-0" style="font-size: 12px;">trial</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-89-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-90-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-91-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-92-0" style="font-size: 12px;">error.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-93-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-94-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Regardless</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-95-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-96-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-97-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-98-0" style="font-size: 12px;">which</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-99-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-100-0" style="font-size: 12px;">part</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-101-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-102-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-103-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-104-0" style="font-size: 12px;">construction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-105-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-106-0" style="font-size: 12px;">they</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-107-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-108-0" style="font-size: 12px;">work</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-109-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-110-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-111-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-112-0" style="font-size: 12px;">for</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-113-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-114-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-115-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-116-0" style="font-size: 12px;">vast</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-117-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-118-0" style="font-size: 12px;">majority</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-119-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-120-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-121-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-122-0" style="font-size: 12px;">these</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-123-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-124-0" style="font-size: 12px;">people</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-125-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-126-0" style="font-size: 12px;">there</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-127-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-128-0" style="font-size: 12px;">is</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-129-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-130-0" style="font-size: 12px;">a</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-131-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-132-0" style="font-size: 12px;">great</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-133-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-134-0" style="font-size: 12px;">deal</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-135-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-136-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-137-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-138-0" style="font-size: 12px;">satisfaction</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-139-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-140-0" style="font-size: 12px;">in</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-141-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-142-0" style="font-size: 12px;">doing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-143-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-144-0" style="font-size: 12px;">this</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-145-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-146-0" style="font-size: 12px;">work</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-147-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-148-0" style="font-size: 12px;">well,</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-149-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-150-0" style="font-size: 12px;">following</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-151-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-152-0" style="font-size: 12px;">relevant</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-153-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-154-0" style="font-size: 12px;">codes</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-155-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-156-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-157-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-158-0" style="font-size: 12px;">practice</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-159-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-160-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-161-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-162-0" style="font-size: 12px;">meeting</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-163-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-164-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-165-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-166-0" style="font-size: 12px;">required</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-167-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-168-0" style="font-size: 12px;">standards.</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-169-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-170-0" style="font-size: 12px;">Basing</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-171-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-172-0" style="font-size: 12px;">policies</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-173-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-174-0" style="font-size: 12px;">to</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-175-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-176-0" style="font-size: 12px;">improve</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-177-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-178-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-179-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-180-0" style="font-size: 12px;">performance</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-181-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-182-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-183-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-184-0" style="font-size: 12px;">the</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-185-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-186-0" style="font-size: 12px;">quality</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-187-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-188-0" style="font-size: 12px;">of</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-189-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-190-0" style="font-size: 12px;">buildings</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-191-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-192-0" style="font-size: 12px;">on</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-193-0" style="font-size: 12px;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-194-0" style="font-size: 12px;">technocratic</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-195-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-196-0" style="font-size: 12px;">measures</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-197-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-198-0" style="font-size: 12px;">like</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-199-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-200-0" style="font-size: 12px;">ISO</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-201-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-202-0" style="font-size: 12px;">accreditation</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-203-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-204-0" style="font-size: 12px;">and</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-205-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-206-0" style="font-size: 12px;">BIM</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-207-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-208-0" style="font-size: 12px;">use</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-209-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-210-0" style="font-size: 12px;">levels</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-211-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-212-0" style="font-size: 12px;">works</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-213-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-214-0" style="font-size: 12px;">with</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-215-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-216-0" style="font-size: 12px;">industry</span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4n925-217-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="4n925-218-0" style="font-size: 12px;">culture. </span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3r80f-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3r80f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3r80f-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J _34Sk8 public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_line-height-1_6866666793823242 rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="eos3-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eos3-0-0"><span data-offset-key="eos3-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="c8a2h-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="c8a2h-0-0"><span data-offset-key="c8a2h-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">References</span></div></div><div class="_25Ehb _3qYRK Oh89J public-DraftStyleDefault-block-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-text-ltr fixed-tab-size rich_content_P" data-block="true" data-editor="editor" data-offset-key="3klh-0-0" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3klh-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3klh-0-0" style="font-size: 12px;">
</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3klh-1-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[i]</span></a><span data-offset-key="3klh-2-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> Chang, H-J. and Andreoni, A. 2020. Industrial Policy in the 21st Century, </span><span data-offset-key="3klh-2-1" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Development and Change,</span><span data-offset-key="3klh-2-2" style="font-size: 12px;"> 51(2): 324–351.
</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3klh-3-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[ii]</span></a><span data-offset-key="3klh-4-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> Acemoglu, D., P. Aghion, L. Bursztyn, and D. Hemous. 2012. The Environment and Directed Technical Change. </span><span data-offset-key="3klh-4-1" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">American Economic Review</span><span data-offset-key="3klh-4-2" style="font-size: 12px;">. 102(1): 131-166.
</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3klh-5-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[iii]</span></a><span data-offset-key="3klh-6-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> Murray, M. and Langford, D. 2003: 7. </span><span data-offset-key="3klh-6-1" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Construction Reports 1944-98,</span><span data-offset-key="3klh-6-2" style="font-size: 12px;"> Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3klh-7-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[iv]</span></a><span data-offset-key="3klh-8-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> Green, S.D. 2011. </span><span data-offset-key="3klh-8-1" style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic;">Making Sense of Construction Improvement</span><span data-offset-key="3klh-8-2" style="font-size: 12px;">, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
</span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="3klh-9-0" style="font-size: 12px;">[v]</span></a><span data-offset-key="3klh-10-0" style="font-size: 12px;"> Although there is an economic activity called construction in the SIC the characteristics of the three divisions makes them different industries. The manufacturing SIC includes glass, wood products, steel, plastics and concrete, but they are regarded as separate industries and are not grouped together under a construction products SIC. An industry policy for the steel industry is not thought to apply to plastics or concrete because it is not relevant to those industries. The same applies to the differences between residential building, non-residential building and engineering construction.</span></div></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-88403771562175447962022-07-04T15:43:00.006+10:002022-07-04T15:45:43.084+10:00Research Companion to Construction Economics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUl2GyzEuyB7H60zfL38SsQRq3Lscx-XwtvUKprrHOulxzPb-v7KN7-JduHRSuY43ff40pCgIDwhnpt_1uFKzWz1znL2rt9WrEZiJ6OLA-ZhaG6tK0CwurkPtE8IHkcspUbxHSNhcC6vi695OlyPf-Iu5CAZzM1vKYdY4VCoKa9beO3bW2a_LBR6E3/s683/Screen%20Shot%202022-07-04%20at%203.00.31%20pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="449" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUl2GyzEuyB7H60zfL38SsQRq3Lscx-XwtvUKprrHOulxzPb-v7KN7-JduHRSuY43ff40pCgIDwhnpt_1uFKzWz1znL2rt9WrEZiJ6OLA-ZhaG6tK0CwurkPtE8IHkcspUbxHSNhcC6vi695OlyPf-Iu5CAZzM1vKYdY4VCoKa9beO3bW2a_LBR6E3/w263-h400/Screen%20Shot%202022-07-04%20at%203.00.31%20pm.png" width="263" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span data-offset-key="48jup-0-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">C<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">onstruction</span></span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-1-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-2-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">Economics</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-3-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-4-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">applies</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-5-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-6-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">economic</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-7-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-8-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">theory,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-9-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-10-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">concepts</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-11-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-12-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-13-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-14-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">analytical</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-15-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-16-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">tools</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-17-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-18-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">to</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-19-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-20-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-21-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-22-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">construction</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-23-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-24-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">industry,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-25-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-26-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-27-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-28-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">companies</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-29-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-30-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-31-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-32-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">organisations</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-33-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-34-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">comprising</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-35-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-36-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">it,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-37-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-38-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-39-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-40-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-41-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-42-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">projects</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-43-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-44-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">it</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-45-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-46-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">undertakes.</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-47-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-48-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">Over</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-49-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-50-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">time,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-51-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-52-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-53-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-54-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">field</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-55-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-56-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">has</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-57-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-58-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">been</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-59-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-60-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">extended</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-61-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-62-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">beyond</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-63-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-64-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-65-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-66-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">minimisation</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-67-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-68-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-69-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-70-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">capital</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-71-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-72-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">cost</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-73-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-74-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-75-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-76-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">projects</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-77-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-78-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">to</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-79-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-80-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">include</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-81-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-82-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">life-cycle</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-83-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-84-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">cost</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-85-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-86-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">considerations,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-87-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-88-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-89-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-90-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">idea</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-91-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-92-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-93-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-94-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">value,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-95-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-96-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">sustainable</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-97-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-98-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">construction</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-99-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-100-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-101-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-102-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">climate</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-103-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-104-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">change,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-105-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-106-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-107-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-108-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">applications</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-109-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-110-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-111-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-112-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">technology.</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-113-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-114-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">Attention</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-115-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-116-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">has</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-117-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-118-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">also </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-119-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-120-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">included</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-121-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-122-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">consideration</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-123-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-124-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-125-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-126-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">companies</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-127-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-128-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-129-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-130-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">organisations,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-131-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-132-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-133-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-134-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">strategic, </span>i</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-136-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">ndustry-level</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-137-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-138-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">considerations</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-139-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-140-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">involving</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-141-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-142-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-143-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-144-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">economy</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-145-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-146-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-147-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-148-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">construction</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-149-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-150-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">markets,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-151-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-152-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">government</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-153-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-154-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">policy,</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-155-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-156-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-157-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-158-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">international</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-159-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-160-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">finance</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-161-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-162-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-163-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span><span data-offset-key="48jup-164-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true">economics. </span></span></div><div><span data-offset-key="48jup-164-0" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span data-text="true"><br /></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-0-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">The</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-1-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-2-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">Elgar</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-3-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-4-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true">Research</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-5-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-6-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true">Companion</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-7-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-8-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-9-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-10-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true">Construction</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-11-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-12-0" style="background-color: white; font-style: italic;"><span data-text="true">Economics</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-13-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-14-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">provides</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-15-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-16-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">an</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-17-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-18-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">overview</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-19-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-20-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-21-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-22-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">current</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-23-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-24-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">research</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-25-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-26-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-27-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-28-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">a</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-29-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-30-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">critical</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-31-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-32-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">examination</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-33-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-34-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-35-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-36-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">complex</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-37-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-38-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">issues</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-39-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-40-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">in</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-41-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-42-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-43-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-44-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">field.</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-45-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-46-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">It </span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-47-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-48-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">also</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-49-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-50-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">provides</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-51-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-52-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-53-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-54-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">opportunity</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-55-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-56-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">for</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-57-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-58-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">some</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-59-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-60-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">new</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-61-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-62-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">or</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-63-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-64-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">under explored</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-65-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-66-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">issues</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-67-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-68-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">in</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-69-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-70-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-71-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-72-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">field</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-73-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-74-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">to</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-75-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-76-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">be</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-77-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-78-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">discussed.</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-79-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-80-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">Each</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-81-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-82-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">chapter</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-83-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-84-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">analyses</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-85-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-86-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-87-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-88-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">existing</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-89-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-90-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">knowledge</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-91-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-92-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-93-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-94-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-95-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-96-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">topic, </span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-97-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-98-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">compares</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-99-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-100-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-101-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-102-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">various</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-103-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-104-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">views</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-105-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-106-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-107-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-108-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">it,</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-109-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-110-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-111-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-112-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">presents</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-113-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-114-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">a</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-115-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-116-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">reference</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-117-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-118-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">point</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-119-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-120-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">for</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-121-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-122-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">further</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-125-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-126-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">research</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-127-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-128-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">leading</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-129-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-130-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">to</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-131-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-132-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">further</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-133-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-134-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">development</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-135-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-136-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-137-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-138-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-139-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-140-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">subject.</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-141-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-142-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">The</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-143-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-144-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">book</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-145-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-146-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">has</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-147-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-148-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">24 </span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-150-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">chapters</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-151-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-152-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">authored</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-153-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-154-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">by</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-155-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-156-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">recognised</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-157-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-158-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">experts</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-159-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-160-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-161-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-162-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">their</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-163-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-164-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">topics.</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-165-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-166-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">This</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-167-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-168-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">is</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-169-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-170-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">an</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-171-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-172-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">influential</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-173-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-174-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">collection</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-175-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-176-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">which</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-177-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-178-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">represents</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-179-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-180-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">a</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-181-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-182-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">relatively</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-183-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-184-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">complete</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-185-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-186-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">work</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-187-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-188-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-189-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-190-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-191-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-192-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">field</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-193-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-194-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-195-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-196-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">construction</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="5tndt-197-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"></span></span></span><span data-offset-key="5tndt-198-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">economics. </span></span></div><div><span data-offset-key="5tndt-198-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"><br /></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-0-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">This</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-1-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-2-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">important</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-3-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-4-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">milestone</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-5-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-6-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">in</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-7-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-8-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-9-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-10-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">development</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-11-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-12-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">of</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-13-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-14-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">construction</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-15-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-16-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">economics</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-17-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-18-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">is</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-19-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-20-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">published</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-21-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-22-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">by</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-23-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-24-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">Edward</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-25-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-26-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">Elgar.</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-27-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-28-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">Details</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-29-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-30-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">on</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-31-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-32-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">the</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-33-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-34-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">contents</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-35-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-36-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">and</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-37-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-38-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">contributors</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-39-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-40-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">can</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-41-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-42-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">be</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-43-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-44-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">found</span></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-45-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true"> </span></span></span><a class="_3Bkfb _1lsz7" data-hook="linkViewer" href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/research-companion-to-construction-economics-9781839108228.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-46-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">here</span></span></a><span data-offset-key="4hd6n-47-0" style="background-color: white;"><span data-text="true">. </span></span></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-6218924573008983852022-05-31T09:17:00.000+10:002022-05-31T09:17:13.190+10:00Building Standards, Energy Codes and Decarbonisation <h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 5pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><a name="_Toc102573961"><span lang="EN-US"><i>Building Standards and Codes</i></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The regular revision and upgrading of building codes and product standards is a policy area where governments, usually through regulatory agencies, have influenced and directed industry development. The use of building codes to influence industry development has a long history with some notable successes, because buildings are designed and delivered in conformance with those regulations. <span style="background-color: white;">The building code of 1676 for the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire of 1666 classified buildings into types with specified materials and levied fees that paid for inspections. A new building code in 1844 included regulations for height, area, and occupancy of buildings.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Standards and codes establish allowable tolerances and how much variation is allowed for products and processes. They underpin quality control and are the basis of inspections to verify work being done, so a standard is a document structured around requirements for conformity and measures that certify meeting those requirements. During the late nineteenth century governments and insurers began raising the standards they set in building codes for access, light, safety, amenity and appearance, significantly improving the design and construction of buildings.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[i]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The first standard was agreed in Paris for the International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units in 1881, and the International Electrotechnical Commission was established in 1906 to <span style="background-color: white;">develop and distribute standards for the units of measurement used today. The British Standards Institution was founded in 1901, as were French and German institutes. </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">In the US the Underwriters Laboratory was founded in 1894 by William Merrill, an electrical engineer, to provide testing of building materials for insurers, and the 1897 National Electrical Code on electrical wiring and equipment installation was the first US modern code. Insurers led the way in developing standards and methods for fireproofing the steel framed buildings that were becoming common, issuing a model building code in 1905 to reduce fire risk. <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Also in the US, the American Society for Testing Materials goes back to 1898 with their standard for the steel used to fabricate railway tracks. In 1902 it became the</span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials, which eventually became the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1947. The</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></span><span style="color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">American National Standards Institute<span style="background-color: white;"> was formed in 1918. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The ISO now has more than 22,000 different standards covering every aspect of organization management and production control. National testing and standards institutes are members of the ISO, they meet annually to review programs, and countries fund it in proportion to their trade and GDP. There is a six stage process for getting a standard published, typically based on research from the member institutes, and each standard has a guide for developing and maintaining it. Multiple standards are being combined to make them easier to manage.</span><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[ii]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> Although agreeing new standards is a lengthy process, they are universally accepted and applied because of the rigorous scientific and engineering research they are based on. Therefore, an important element in a strategy to increase innovation in construction of the built environment is to increase funding for testing laboratories. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Building characteristics like materials, access, ventilation and fire safety are regulated by standards and codes. The International Code Council produces a series of model International Building Codes that are widely used.</span><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[iii]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Accreditation for standards like quality control, project management and digital twins for contractors are often required by clients. The performance of the built environment is to a large degree measured against the baselines set by standards for health and safety, energy and environmental management, and process control. </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">When natural disasters like earthquakes, floods and hurricanes reveal shortcomings in existing standards, they lead to new standards and building code revisions.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[iv]</span></span></a> The higher standards improve resilience and drive improvements in the performance of buildings and structures. This is seen when rebuilding after fires with more fire resistant buildings due to code changes, or after earthquakes with updated standards and more durable designs. Seismic code provisions first appeared in Italy and Japan in the early twentieth century, and in the US in 1927.<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Building codes establish a baseline for quality and performance. They protect buildings and people from collapse, fire, wind and other extreme events. They regulate structural integrity, electrical, plumbing and mechanical systems and safety, accessibility and energy efficiency. Codes thus underpin the work of architects, engineers, contractors and developers. Architects and engineers must ensure their building designs meet or exceed minimum code requirements Local authorities review plans before construction and issue permits. Inspectors verify the project is compliant. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Through revisions to building standards and codes innovations and new products are introduced in an incremental but typically slow process. While that reduces risk for designers and contractors, it also affects the rate of built environment product innovation and improved building performance. Revisions can be opposed or delayed, for example by residential builders worried about increased costs in a price sensitive market or by product manufacturers protecting market share. Nevertheless, a regular review and update process like the US three year cycle for building codes keeps them relevant and focused on the key issues of building quality, energy use and embodied carbon emissions from construction of the built environment.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[v]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: #1f3763; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 2pt 0cm 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><a name="_Toc99786875"></a><a name="_Toc99786938"></a><a name="_Toc99787050"></a><a name="_Toc100050148"></a><a name="_Toc101259469"></a><a name="_Toc102573962"><i><span style="color: black;">Built Environment Decarbonization</span></i></a><i><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></h3><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The role of building standards and codes in decarbonization,<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[vi]</span></span></a> reducing energy use and cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is well known.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[vii]</span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> A carbon budget for both the construction<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[viii]</span></span></a> and operation<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[ix]</span></span></span></a> of the built environment is required<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">. The UN produces an annual </span><i>Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction</i> that says: ‘Cutting building-related emissions by improving energy efficiency is a crucial aspect of meeting net zero by 2050 climate change goals. Building energy codes provide a tool for governments to mandate the construction and maintenance of low-energy buildings.’<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[x]</span></span></a><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">To do this, the energy use of buildings must be monitored and managed, and buildings must be built and retrofitted to use less energy, and a global standard for determining greenhouse gas emissions for cities is under development.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xi]</span></span></a> There are many startups in building energy management.<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;"> </span>Although many countries, particularly in Africa, have not yet got compulsory energy codes, countries with codes have been moving toward electrification of building operations, particularly for heating and cooking. This is a necessary requirement to reach net zero by 2050 because residential energy use accounts for around 40 precent of total emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The EU is committed to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xii]</span></span></a> EU countries’ national climate plans outline how a country intends to address energy efficiency, renewables and GHG emission reduction and meet EU targets. The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), the framework for energy-efficiency policy in the EU, was established in 2012 with a 20 precent energy-efficiency target by 2020 and revised in 2018 with a 32.5 percent non-binding energy-efficiency target for 2030, with an increase to 39 percent proposed. The EED also targets government buildings, requiring renovation of 3 percent of the floor buildings owned and occupied in line to minimum energy-performance requirements. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Legislation is based on the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The 2018 amendments aim for full decarbonization of Europe’s building stock by 2050 while focusing on how to modernize the existing stock. The EPBD requires Member States to develop national long-term renovation strategies, outlining how a country aims to decarbonize the building stock by 2050. To reach the ‘2030 climate target of reducing GHG emissions by at least 55% compared to 1990, and climate neutrality by 2050, the EU must significantly increase its rate and depth of renovation,<span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;"> </span>reduce GHG emissions from buildings by 60% compared to 2015, and by 2030 increase the deep renovation rate to 3% annually, up from the current 0.2%’.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xiii]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">There is no national energy code in the US, where state, county and city authorities all play a role in setting standards and codes. Model energy codes are developed through the International Code Council and the American Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Residential and commercial buildings typically reference a version of the International Energy Conservation Code, but California and Washington have their own codes. Codes are typically decided at local or municipal level, then adopted by the state. New York City will phase-out fossil fuel combustion in new buildings from 2024, as will San Francisco and more than 40 other cities in the Bay Area. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">More than three-dozen US cities have benchmarking policies where owners report energy data annually to local government. Some also have building labelling, which requires owners to display an energy score or ranking based on benchmarked data.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xiv]</span></span></a> Building performance standards set energy or emissions targets using a range of metrics, including energy intensity, GHG emissions intensity, or third-party scoring (like an Energy Star rating) for existing buildings. They get stricter over time, and as well as metrics and a target they include a plan of steps to be taken to reach the target. In 2022 eight US jurisdictions have implemented them. The graph below shows how improvements to the ASHRAE energy code are expected to close the gap to the 2030 target. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="color: #44546a; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a name="_Toc100048903"></a><a name="_Toc101259188"></a><a name="_Toc102036855"><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Figure </span></a><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">. Energy efficiency and ASHRAE codes</span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfyXlFhO5Ghq3X6lkfx-pXLtdbkgyLqTpwfaVZ-tL1m5uXH_Rn94ldN9wfL-uTbfIPIX5LKHJ5jUCrUreSNB_5NL2BkCGXX0W5TNx5XmMOSFebJPcOdVHUE0naZXPk-9z-tM_BQHrX3AUdASs45_0GIp_xXUpsOym3So4p_zRjq750VKEGxxPJGyr/s451/Picture%201.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="451" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfyXlFhO5Ghq3X6lkfx-pXLtdbkgyLqTpwfaVZ-tL1m5uXH_Rn94ldN9wfL-uTbfIPIX5LKHJ5jUCrUreSNB_5NL2BkCGXX0W5TNx5XmMOSFebJPcOdVHUE0naZXPk-9z-tM_BQHrX3AUdASs45_0GIp_xXUpsOym3So4p_zRjq750VKEGxxPJGyr/w640-h368/Picture%201.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Source: Institute for Market Transformation, 2022. <i>Mapping US energy policy on energy efficiency in buildings</i><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xv]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In many other countries sub-national local or regional authorities have been leading on climate change, for example in Australia the Federal Government’s reduction 26 percent target for 2030 greenhouse gas emissions is significantly lower than the State Governments’ 50 percent target. <span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;">California is another example. It was the first US state to introduce an energy code in 1978, with the three year review and update cycle used in the US. Major updates included electric vehicle charging measures in 2015 and a </span>rooftop solar mandate<span style="background-color: #fcfcfc;"> in 2020. California’s 2022 building code update is considering all-electric construction, meaning buildings must use electric heating and cooking appliances, with no option to use gas.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xvi]</span></span></a>New York City in 2016 required benchmarking of energy and water use and from 2020 buildings had to display their grades (from A to F) in their entrance, based on the US Energy Star system.<a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xvii]</span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></o:p></p><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br clear="all" /></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="edn1"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[i]</span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> Pfammatter, U. 2008. <i>Building the Future: Building Technology and Cultural History from the Industrial Revolution until Today</i>. Munich: Prestel Verlag. </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Davis, H. 2006.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span><i style="font-family: helvetica;">The Culture of Building</i><span style="font-family: helvetica;">, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p></div><div id="edn2"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[ii]</span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> For details and a history of the ISO, and for several standards, see Rich, N. and Malik, N. 2019. <i>International Standards for Design and Manufacturing: Quality Management and International Best Practice</i>, London: Kogan Page. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p></div><div id="edn3"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://codes.iccsafe.org/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black;">https://codes.iccsafe.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn4"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[iv]</span></span></a> <span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Miao and Popp studied innovative responses to three natural disasters: earthquakes, flooding, and drought. Based on the frequency and location of natural disasters and a panel of patent data from 1974-2009, they find that a billion dollars of damage in a country from natural disasters increased innovation by 18 to 39 percent. Miao, Q. and D. Popp. 2014. Necessity as the Mother of Invention: Innovative Responses to Natural Disasters. <i>Journal of Environmental Economics and Management</i>. 68(2): 280- 295. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn5"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[v]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> The effectiveness of standards encouraging the use and diffusion of environmental technologies like renewable energy and energy efficiency are reviewed by Vollebergh, H.R.J. and E. van der Werf. 2014. The Role of Standards in Eco-Innovation: Lessons for Policymakers. <i>Review of Environmental Economics and Policy</i>. 8: 230–248. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn6"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[vi]</span></span></a> <span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">On the importance of sustainability and the contribution construction economics can make to decarbonization see Myers, D. 2017. <i>Construction Economics: A new approach</i>, 4th Ed. London: Spon Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn7"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[vii]</span></span></a> <span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">For a comprehensive review see <span style="background-color: white;">Popp, D. 2019. Environmental Policy and Innovation: A Decade of Research. CESifo Working Paper No. 7544 (on SSRN). </span>This updates the earlier review: Popp, D., R. Newell and A.B. Jaffe 2010. Energy, the Environment, and Technological Change. In <i>Handbook of the Economics of Innovation: vol. 2</i>, Hall, B. and Rosenberg, N. (eds.), Academic Press/Elsevier, 873-937. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn8"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[viii]</span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> Armstrong, A., Wright, C., Ashe, B., and Nielsen, H. 2017. Enabling Innovation in Building Sustainability: Australia's National Construction Code, <i>Procedia Engineering</i>, Volume 180, 320-330.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn9"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[ix]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Leibwicz, B. D. 2017. Effects of urban land-use regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, <i>Cities</i>, 70, 135-152. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn10"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[x]</span></span></a> United Nations Environment Programme. 2021: 59. <i>Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector</i>. Nairobi <a href="https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/GABC_Buildings-GSR-2021_BOOK.pdf" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black;">https://globalabc.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/GABC_Buildings-GSR-2021_BOOK.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn11"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[xi]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.citiesalliance.org/draft-international-standard-determining-greenhouse-gas-emissions-cities" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">https://www.citiesalliance.org/draft-international-standard-determining-greenhouse-gas-emissions-cities</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"></span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn12"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xii]</span></span></a> <span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">In Europe national building codes set energy requirements to induce innovation.<span style="position: relative; top: -5pt;"> </span>One study found positive effects from policies to improve energy efficiency in new residential buildings, such as energy-efficient boilers and improved insulation, lighting and materials. Prices were found to have an effect on innovation for visible technologies such as boilers and lighting, but not for less-visible technologies such as insulation that are installed by builder. Noailly, J. 2012. Improving the Energy Efficiency of Buildings: The Impact of Environmental Policy on Technological Innovation. <i>Energy Economics</i>. 34: 795-806.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn13"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[xiii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.imt.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/SPIPA_EU_rev6_508.pdf" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.imt.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/SPIPA_EU_rev6_508.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB">. p. 11. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn14"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[xiv]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.imt.org/resources/mapping-us-policy-on-energy-efficiency-in-buildings/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.imt.org/resources/mapping-us-policy-on-energy-efficiency-in-buildings/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn15"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[xv]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.imt.org/resources/mapping-us-policy-on-energy-efficiency-in-buildings/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.imt.org/resources/mapping-us-policy-on-energy-efficiency-in-buildings/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn16"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;">[xvi]</span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2020/12/02/a-powerful-yet-underused-climate-tool-building-codes/?sh=567e3d0ed978" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2020/12/02/a-powerful-yet-underused-climate-tool-building-codes/?sh=567e3d0ed978</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="edn17"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="applewebdata://84606C5B-25F1-4283-8CFC-DC0C778E4132#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[xvii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/benchmark/understand_metrics/how_score_calculated" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/benchmark/understand_metrics/how_score_calculated</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-22265555202191734822022-04-23T15:09:00.000+10:002022-04-23T15:09:59.783+10:003D Concrete Printing and Digital Construction <p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i> <a name="_Toc101259460" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Onsite and Nearsite Production</span></a></i></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">There are three methods for 3D printing: stereolithography, patented in 1986: fused deposition modelling, patented in 1989: and selective laser sintering, patented in 1992. It didn’t take long before research into 3D concrete printing (3DCP) began, focused on developing the equipment needed and the performance of the materials used. Twenty years later there were over a dozen experimental prototypes built, extensively documented in the 2019 book<i> 3D Concrete Printing Technology: Construction and building applications</i>, which also has details on the materials science required to identify successful mixtures and admixtures. The information needed to create a 3D blueprint is generated during design, and it is a relatively small step to move from a BIM model to instructions for a 3D printer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">By 2022 the commercialisation of 3DCP was underway, with two types of systems available. One using a robotic arm to move the print head over a small area, intended to produce structural elements and precast components, the other a gantry system for printing large components, walls and structures. The Additive Manufacturing Marketplace has 34 concrete printing machines listed, ranging from desktop printers to large track mounted gantry systems that can print three or four story buildings. Companies making these machines are mainly from the US and Europe, and the table also has details on the type and size of a selection of machines. There are also several companies offering 3DCP as a service at an hourly or daily rate.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">One of the most advanced 3DCP companies is Black Buffalo, a subsidiary of South Korea’s Hyundai group based in New York. Their NexCon gantry system takes around 11 hours to build and eight hours to take down. Using a proprietary ink developed over a few years of research involving a lot of trial and error (and getting approval for building codes), the machine can print up to four stories with a crew of five people. One person is required to monitor the nozzle and insert stiffening frames every few layers to provide structural strength, the pump needs two people and a helper, plus a site foreman or engineer. As well as walls it will print floors and precast elements. Black Buffalo expects to sell over 100 of these printers in 2022-23, and they are available for rent at $1,000 a day. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="break-after: avoid; color: #44546a; font-style: italic; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a name="_Toc101259057"></a><a name="_Toc101259145"><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Some companies making 3D concrete printers</span></a></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; color: black;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Company<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Machine and Size<span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"></span>meters<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Type<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Cost in US Dollars<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Black Buffalo<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">United States<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">NexCon 1-1 <span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"> </span>3 story<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> <span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"> </span>4 story<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gantry<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$400,000<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$750,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">COBOD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Denmark<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Bod 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">14.6 x 50.5 x 8.1<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gantry<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$200,000 to $1m <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Imprimere<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Switzerland<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">BIG 3D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">5.7 x 6.0 x 6.2<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gantry. Prints large components<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$1,757,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">ICON<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">United States<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Olympus<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">2.6 x 8.5 x 2.6<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gantry<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$150,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Constructions 3D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">France<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Maxi Printer<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">12.2 x 12.2 x 7<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Mobile robotic arm on 4 legs<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$495,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Luyten<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Platypus <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">6 x 12 x …<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gantry<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$36,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">PrintStones<span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;">Austria</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Baubot<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Mobile robotic arm on tracks<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$150,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Massive Dimension<span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">United States<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">MDPC<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">2 x 2 x 2<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Fixed robotic arm<span style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$80,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">CyBe Construction<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Netherlands<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">CyBe RC 3Dp<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">2.75 x 2.75 x 2.75<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Fixed robotic arm<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$205,000<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">MudBots<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">United States<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">MudBot 3D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Up to 22 x 22 x 15 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Gantry<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$35,000+<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">WASP<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Italy<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 121.05pt;" valign="top" width="161"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">DeltaWASP<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">1 x 1 x …<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Robotic arm<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">$100,000+<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Concrete printing is only one part of the development of additive manufacturing. In mid-2022 the Additive Manufacturing Marketplace listed 2,372 different 3D printing machines from 1,254 brands. The number of printers and materials used were: 364 metal; 355 photopolymers; 74 ceramic; 61 organic; 34 concrete; 24 clay; 20 silicone; 19 wax; and 19 continuous fibres. Many of these printers could be used to produce fixtures and fittings for buildings. Producing components onsite from bags of mixture avoids the cost of handling and transport, and for large items avoids the load limits on roads and trucks. There are also printing services and additive manufacturing marketplaces being set up. These link designers to producers with the materials science, specialised equipment and print farms capable of large production runs and manufacture on demand. Examples are Dassault Systems 3DExperience, Craft Cloud, Xometry, Shapeways, 3D Metalforge, Stratasys and Materialise. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Additive manufacturing is a major part of a broader system of production known as digital fabrication. Neil Gershenfeld described digital fabrication as turning ‘bits into atoms and atoms into bits’ using fabrication laboratories (fabs) producing ‘assemblers’ that provide the cutters, printers, millers, moulders, scanners and computers needed for designing, producing and reproducing objects. <span lang="EN-GB">These tools include traditional subtractive ones for cutting, grinding or milling, but the focus has been on research into new methods of additive manufacturing using different methods of layering materials using 3D printers. Printing of metal, ceramic and plastic objects from online design databases is spreading from hobbyists and initial users to industry applications and wider acceptance. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Gershenfeld,</span> who founded the first fab in 2003,<span lang="EN-GB"> defined </span>digital fabrication, <span lang="EN-GB">as ‘the seamless conversion of design and engineering data into fabrication code for digitally controlled tools.’ </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">At is broadest, digital fabrication is any means of turning design information into physical products using automated processes. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">There is a well-established global maker movement behind the growth of digital fabrication. In 2009 the Fab Foundation was established at MIT as a non-profit with annual conferences and providing educations and training. The Foundation coordinates an international network of 1,500 fabrication laboratories (fabs) in 90 countries, many in university design and architecture schools, and the ‘FABLAB Movement’ is an even broader collaborative effort that includes hobbyists and tinkerers working on digital design and fabrication code. This network takes existing technologies used in fabrication like cutting, milling and rolling done by numerically controlled machines, which have been around for decades, but uses them for design, which is new. The digital linking of design to fabrication is the beginning of another stage of development. The World Economic Forum also has a network of 14 Centres for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and Autodesk has three BUILDSpace laboratories. The 2017 UK industrial strategy included funding for a manufacturing hub and along with aerospace and automobiles targeted construction, 3D concrete printing and OSM. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Gershenfeld</span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> argues digital fabrication will follow a similar exponential development path as digital computers, with the number of fabs doubling every two years and their cost halving, making local production of many objects and items possible. Gershenfeld suggests the technology is now ready to become widespread, and is at a similar stage to PCs in the early 1990s:</span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Digital fabrication shares some, but not all, of the attributes of communication and computation. In the first two digital revolutions bits changed atoms indirectly (by creating new capabilities and behaviours); in the third digital revolution, the bits will enable people to directly change the atoms …. Across the global network of fab labs, we can already see a steady stream of innovations around cost-effective models for individuals and communities to make clothing, toys, computers and even houses through designs sourced globally but fabricated locally.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Digital fabrication is at or close to the tipping point, as its use extends from hobby to experimentation and adoption. Just as concrete in the early 1800s moved from the fringe toward the centre of construction as the underlying technology and equipment improved, fabs can follow a similar path over the next few decades of the twenty-first century. Although adoption is limited and is not deployed at scale, the technology is advancing rapidly and many demonstration 3D concrete printing projects have been completed successfully. In a 2020 report that has many examples of current use, ARUP argues: ‘</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The opportunities unfolding with digital fabrication not only demonstrate new techniques in full-scale pavilion fabrication, but also provide new methods to solve design, business and societal challenges. Arup is one of a number of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">specialized consultants providing</span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> digital twins and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">design to fabrication capability on projects. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: #1f3763; font-weight: normal; margin: 2pt 0cm 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><a name="_Toc99783690"></a><a name="_Toc99786867"></a><a name="_Toc99786930"></a><a name="_Toc99787042"></a><a name="_Toc100050140"></a><a name="_Toc101259461"><i><span style="color: black;">Onsite and Nearsite Production with Digital Fabrication</span></i></a><i><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></h3><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Digital fabrication is a technology whose use has a high probability of becoming ubiquitous. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">In construction, the focus so far has been on 3D printing of concrete, with experimental systems by the early 2000s, and by 2019 there were over a dozen examples of buildings completed using the technology.<a href="applewebdata://A67FEFBB-CA81-4E3C-8621-DEF31E898CA6#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="color: black; vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN-GB">[i]</span></span></span></a> However, the potential of 3D printing in construction is not limited to concrete. Once a BIM model of a project has been created it can be used to provide instructions for production of both structural and decorative components of a building. Mobile digital fabs in shipping containers can produce some of those components onsite. Local firms offering manufacturing on demand from print farms can produce large runs or specialised components, a nearsite form of production rather than OSM. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The combination of digital twins and digital fabrication would be transformational if it allows onsite and nearsite production of some or many building components, by fundamentally altering existing economies of scale in the industry. As well as </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">3D concrete printing, other materials like steel and plastic can be </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">used to make components and fittings on or near the building site. A modular fab in a container customised for construction, or even a specific construction project, can be set up onsite to produce components as the schedule requires. Large sites might need a fleet of fabs. Restorations and repairs can be done with replacement parts made onsite from scans of the original. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Mass production will always have a role, but market niches currently occupied by some or many manufacturing firms may be replaced by new production technologies based on BIM, linking localised digital fabrication facilities with online design databases. Combined with robotic and automated machinery and assemblers, digital fabrication and standardised parts opens up many possibilities. Adding new materials to the 3D palette through molecular design and engineering, or upgraded versions of existing materials, may unlock other unforeseen design and performance options.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">If this eventuates some, possibly a great deal, of the current construction supply chain based on mass-production of standardised components will become redundant. For example, an onsite or nearby fab with printers and moulders might produce many of the metal, plastic and ceramic fittings and fixtures for a building during its construction. These parts might be delivered by autonomous vehicles. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">The digital twin of the project, which might be outsourced, can link the design and fabrication stages to the site and the project. Digital fabrication produces components and modules designed to be integrated with</span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> onsite preparatory work</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> and assembled to meet strict tolerances. Project management would become more focused on information management, </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">and the primary role of a construction contractor might evolve into managing this new combination of site preparation work and integration of the building or structure with components and modules, some of which may be produced onsite in a fab if economies of scale permit. The strength of this effect will be determined by those economies of scale. Beyond site preparation other site processes may be restructured around components and modules that are designed to be assembled in a particular way, and machines to assemble those components and modules can be fabricated for that purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">If onsite and nearsite production becomes steadily cheaper the industry would, perhaps slowly, reorganise around firms that best manage onsite and offsite production and integration of digitally fabricated parts. Contracting firms would become more vertically integrated if they are fabricators as well, reinventing a business model from the past when large general contractors often had their own carpentry workshops, brick pits, glass works and so on. With outsourced business processes and standardized site and structural work, that fabrication and integration capability would be a key competitive advantage of a construction firm. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Firms will be integrating automated production of components with design and construction using offsite manufacturing and onsite fabrication, using platforms that coordinate building design and specification with manufacturing, delivery and onsite assembly. </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Open platforms will be like new digital ecosystems. Closed, internal platforms will be developed by larger, vertically integrated firms with the resources to manage the system.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Industrialised materials like concrete, steel and glass affected the organisation of onsite processes as they were improved with incremental innovations. The development of digital fabrication should follow a similar path to concrete, where over decades the machinery (mixers, pumps), processes (formwork systems) and materials (reinforcement, concrete strength, setting agents) were developed. Growth in digital technologies is faster than analogue, so instead of the many decades of innovation taken for concrete technology to develop, it might take a decade for digital fabrication to become cost effective if the cost of fabs falls and the supply chain of raw materials develops as it did for personal computers in the 1990s. Contractors would become more vertically integrated as they also become fabricators, managing a combination of onsite and nearsite production to deliver projects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">References</span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">ARUP, <i>Designing with Digital Fabrication</i>, 2020: 8. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Gershenfeld, N. 2012: 45. How to Make Almost Anything: The Digital Fabrication Revolution. <i>Foreign Affairs,</i>91(6), pp. 43–57.</span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Gershenfeld, N., Gershenfeld, A. and Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J. 2017: 7. <i>Designing Reality: How to Survive and Thrive in the Third Digital Revolution</i>, in New York: Basic Books., </span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Sanjayan, J. G., Nazari, A. and Nematollahi, B. 2019. </span><i><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">3D Concrete Printing Technology - Construction and Building Applications.</span></i><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> London:<span style="background-color: white;"> Elsevier.</span></span><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></p><div><br /></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6391415588973317243.post-70803271217652002992022-02-20T14:49:00.005+11:002022-02-20T15:30:11.192+11:00New US Data Shows We Have a False Picture of Construction Productivity<p><i><span style="font-size: large;"> Rises in Non-residential and Declines in Residential Construction Labour Productivity</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">The tools, techniques, components and materials used in modern construction can be seen on every building site. As anyone who works in construction knows, they have greatly increased the productivity of workers, but that increase in productivity cannot be seen in construction statistics. For decades there has been little or no growth in construction productivity as measured by national statistical agencies. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 6pt 12pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-NZ">A major problem is the inclusion in Construction sector statistics of residential building, non-residential building and engineering construction. These are three separate industries with significant differences in their characteristics, but statistical classifications group them together despite these differences. </span> For example, non-residential construction uses heavy machinery and equipment and is much more capital intensive than residential building. Most construction productivity research uses this aggregate data for construction because in the statistics published by national statistical agencies data on employment and hours worked at the level of the three industries is missing. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">Productivity estimates require both a measure of labour inputs, such as hours worked or people employed, and a measure of output, usually industry value added (the difference between total revenue and total costs) adjusted for changes in prices of materials and labour. That deflated measure of output is known as real construction value added.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm 15.15pt 0cm 0cm;">The main reason for the low rate of measured productivity growth in construction are the deficiencies found in construction deflators. If real construction value added is underestimated due to the deflators used, construction productivity has also been understated. Thus the graphs of flatlining construction productivity, despite the obvious improvements in materials, tools and techniques over the last few decades. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm 15.15pt 0cm 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm 15.15pt 0cm 0cm;">The major problem<b> </b>is a downward bias to output estimates because there is no adjustment for quality changes in buildings and structures. Also, the application of a single deflator to heterogeneous goods, especially durable goods, overlooks the differences in age and function between different buildings and structures. This problem becomes more severe with long-life assets like buildings and structures. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i>New Data on US Construction Productivity<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">Three economists at the US Bureau of Labour Statistics recently <a href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2018/article/measuring-productivity-growth-in-construction.htm" style="color: #954f72;">published</a> productivity estimates for four<span style="background-color: white;">construction</span> sub-industries using <span style="background-color: white;">four different deflators, providing new, high quality estimates of </span>real construction value added per hour worked in these industries, including subcontractor hours. <span style="background-color: white;">The BLS research improves on previous research by using appropriate output deflators to develop measures of productivity growth, and their measures are more reliable because the deflators are specifically designed for each industry. </span>Their data and analysis is a significant advance on the aggregate construction productivity estimates that people are familiar with. The four industries are<span style="background-color: white;">:</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>industrial building construction</li><li><span style="background-color: white;">single-family residential construction</span></li><li><span style="background-color: white;">multiple-family housing construction</span></li><li><span style="background-color: white;">highway, street, and bridge construction</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">As the figure below shows productivity fell in <span style="background-color: white;">single-family residential and multiple-family housing construction, but rose in industrial and highway, street, and bridge construction. Between 2007 and 2020 overall productivity was flat because these rises and falls balanced out. </span>Also, 2007 was the peak of a business cycle, followed by a recession from December 2007 to June 2009 that ‘had both immediate and lasting impacts on the construction industries’ as the following figures show.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="Chart showing the average annual percent change, 2007-2020, for selected construction industries." id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 283pt; visibility: visible; width: 451pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="file:////var/folders/zj/rmhbzhbn59375xtnfk0hxvwr0000gn/T/com.microsoft.Word/WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles/construction-1.png" src="file:////Users/gerard/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span face="-webkit-standard"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0cxj6te4H3PLaEQvgNHiQOzUrG7IGE-oxsuXOQ5w39D6McIbh_uh9_sIbutll_yIbuogtJf5VvFP9sBbWM2kQKCbHa5fdurJbItspo0W4dI-6EZFJ72cMqKj2i454v7PkW0hs7ElCaU8hEnR8g4Cd2p2QgW0__GAISWIEQxuWPyfgm7D0rrcjIDPq=s755" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="755" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0cxj6te4H3PLaEQvgNHiQOzUrG7IGE-oxsuXOQ5w39D6McIbh_uh9_sIbutll_yIbuogtJf5VvFP9sBbWM2kQKCbHa5fdurJbItspo0W4dI-6EZFJ72cMqKj2i454v7PkW0hs7ElCaU8hEnR8g4Cd2p2QgW0__GAISWIEQxuWPyfgm7D0rrcjIDPq=w640-h402" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">Two of the four industries show clear and strong productivity growth. Productivity growth in these industries remains positive with subcontractor labour included.</span> Productivity grew fastest in industrial building construction<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 0cm;"><i>Labour Productivity in US Construction<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">The BLS figures below show trends in output, hours worked, and labour productivity for each of the four industries. Importantly, ‘labour hours always include partners and proprietors (P&Ps), who account for almost 20 percent of labour input in construction.’</span> Because of data limitations, the reference periods of the industries begin at different points. The BLS comments are under each figure. A short discussion on construction deflators follows. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Single-family residential construction</span></i><i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi88WPI8QPtMyNCyIA8Jrq4UcwJ3HMKckjMraxKPy-Oruuttr845vP07AlLchLiA4oQuyrtTeqSSURkGHkRdfoV8-MRkJG-CkG4VKHnnv0Tgxz_VSqq_2cO5--DEET5aZFuihNiHCGZ2dx4fA21O0C1tqPqNpAYu9lV1xi_Ob8fJrwgA2I0sRHmWGwF=s755" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="755" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi88WPI8QPtMyNCyIA8Jrq4UcwJ3HMKckjMraxKPy-Oruuttr845vP07AlLchLiA4oQuyrtTeqSSURkGHkRdfoV8-MRkJG-CkG4VKHnnv0Tgxz_VSqq_2cO5--DEET5aZFuihNiHCGZ2dx4fA21O0C1tqPqNpAYu9lV1xi_Ob8fJrwgA2I0sRHmWGwF=w640-h422" width="640" /></a></i></div><i><br /></i><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">For single-family residential construction labour productivity rose during the 2000-2005 period, primarily driven by a large increase in output. Starting in 2005, output fell through 2009 at a considerably faster rate than hours worked, leading to a sharp decrease in productivity in the period. These years correspond with the collapse of the housing market. Labour productivity grew from 2009 to 2013 but steadily weakened through 2019.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="background-color: white;">Multiple-family housing construction<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6Y368p3Dvj23h_nhDMzv0SaPaEwGmdSp4GiVS2BqdBP8oGQ0Jsf8i4qGvMoUwQiJ2vVed488UEXuFXsyZ6Cu8Ft0iib2tbMVC_7__Xu_2LtvRnUCG6gJP5mbtGrv7tBurQScj-AsormQ3SoLsiiA0SUS9E7kMbYicQvkBNG-AEDMeSjN6YAfIJjqY=s755" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="755" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6Y368p3Dvj23h_nhDMzv0SaPaEwGmdSp4GiVS2BqdBP8oGQ0Jsf8i4qGvMoUwQiJ2vVed488UEXuFXsyZ6Cu8Ft0iib2tbMVC_7__Xu_2LtvRnUCG6gJP5mbtGrv7tBurQScj-AsormQ3SoLsiiA0SUS9E7kMbYicQvkBNG-AEDMeSjN6YAfIJjqY=w640-h412" width="640" /></a></i></div><i><br /></i><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">Multiple-family housing had large gains in productivity from 1993 to 2007, as output increased faster than hours worked, followed by a sharp decrease in output and a moderate drop in hours worked, leading to decreasing productivity until 2010. From 2010 to 2016, output rebounded substantially, leading to significant productivity growth. However, productivity dipped from 2017 to 2020 due to growth in hours worked outpacing growth in output</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i>Industrial building construction<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh3cQGCBAELGeQpJ1OeG6WzJY-LHZn6wFPL0IqC1cCX2jr4huUA8L5wLkfMV5eHHxWMc5x6_4GqKgIeHpcJlZ_0FEUfXgiC-UMHRzo0LRvmztDD0tkbh-kZFo2bewuqkGd7wLN2-_-bpLlMJSAOEl79KJUm3qVW1o1C7MGB2zKgQ8sZdprrFmvquPht=s755" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="755" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh3cQGCBAELGeQpJ1OeG6WzJY-LHZn6wFPL0IqC1cCX2jr4huUA8L5wLkfMV5eHHxWMc5x6_4GqKgIeHpcJlZ_0FEUfXgiC-UMHRzo0LRvmztDD0tkbh-kZFo2bewuqkGd7wLN2-_-bpLlMJSAOEl79KJUm3qVW1o1C7MGB2zKgQ8sZdprrFmvquPht=w640-h410" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">For the industrial building construction industry, from 2006 to 2018 the productivity and output indexes rose until 2009, then fell sharply in the 2007-2009 recession, recovered from 2011 to 2015, and then declined again through 2018. The change in hours worked was slow and uneven, but positive over the 2006-2018 period. In 2019, the rising output and falling hours worked series moved in opposite directions, which led to the first gain in productivity since 2015.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="background-color: white;">Highway, street, and bridge construction<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjjc0xRtZxqd0NA5fxDmYCELIwUCULRJx2Poniz2Fcu8DcYwnjakM0_c7N91VHJ-9kWLL8duFvrQE93rgaNQXKwqfpjfkGEGhz8TplLOxxa8vNlxu8LrAUOq7KVPY_6ppu8JX6LHNv5hdd8CD-nlX4NJJVdhGsNpZ4YIPnDq0HR6WwyjdCvoQPqcTfb=s755" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="755" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjjc0xRtZxqd0NA5fxDmYCELIwUCULRJx2Poniz2Fcu8DcYwnjakM0_c7N91VHJ-9kWLL8duFvrQE93rgaNQXKwqfpjfkGEGhz8TplLOxxa8vNlxu8LrAUOq7KVPY_6ppu8JX6LHNv5hdd8CD-nlX4NJJVdhGsNpZ4YIPnDq0HR6WwyjdCvoQPqcTfb=w640-h414" width="640" /></a></i></div><i><br /></i><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">Productivity in the highway, street, and bridge construction industry increased during the 2007-2009 recession. Output rose as hours worked declined during this period. Then, until 2018, productivity fell most years as output saw no net growth while hours worked did. Since 2018, there has been little change to output, hours worked, or productivity.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 0cm;"><i>Construction Productivity<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 0cm;">Construction productivity has been notable for its absence for decades. The low rate of growth in Australia, the United Kingdom, the European Union and the United States and elsewhere became an issue in the late 1960s, when declining output per hour worked and output per person employed in the construction industry first attracted attention. The measured rate of growth of productivity of the construction industry since then has been poor even by comparison with a long-run overall industry average in the order of two to three per cent a year. Construction productivity in the US has been falling since the late 1970s, as in the figure below.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj0HhL9N9yjDtyr0tZZZcgkaO-_Itzy9xuPQu6pKXCv0AlJ0ZL22FS8lMyJ4fzx-oYz9Hooupe8zoM1mWenYC1bu2YJjed4fTgyLl6twWvLECnm9w7CZepqt_T33uuSzau8M__dX2ix4w0CQabLFlz1x-g0qQH1Ffz3f5_fcXeDnUj1SLiUm5XF2iC8=s902" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="902" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj0HhL9N9yjDtyr0tZZZcgkaO-_Itzy9xuPQu6pKXCv0AlJ0ZL22FS8lMyJ4fzx-oYz9Hooupe8zoM1mWenYC1bu2YJjed4fTgyLl6twWvLECnm9w7CZepqt_T33uuSzau8M__dX2ix4w0CQabLFlz1x-g0qQH1Ffz3f5_fcXeDnUj1SLiUm5XF2iC8=w640-h340" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 6pt 12pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-NZ">Possible reasons for the low growth of </span>construction <span lang="EN-NZ">productivity are many and various. They include the high labour intensity of the residential industry, the number of small firms, few economies of scale in the industry, a lack of competition, regulatory impediments, low R&D, poor innovation and management practices, and a low level of training and skill development. Alternatively, it is possible that the data and methods used to estimate the level of productivity in the industry might be faulty, and we have a false picture of construction productivity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 6pt 12pt 0cm;"><span lang="EN-NZ">A second and more technical problem is the method used to adjust industry output for changes in prices of materials and labour to find changes in the quantity of output of completed buildings and structures. This deflation of output is typically done with input price indexes or producer price indexes.</span> The problem with input price indexes is they assume a constant relationship between input and output over time, so there is an assumption of no change in productivity which means that, if productivity is increasing, input price indexes will be upwardly biased.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">There is an extensive literature on deflators, the problems of deflation, and the effects on estimates of construction output of commonly used deflators. The issues raised by the use of price indexes for deflation have not been solved to date, and appear to have no simple, or readily available solutions. These include the fact that the deflator used to adjust for price changes will systematically overstate the rate at which prices increase and underestimate growth in output if indices for labour and material costs are used instead of output price indices (which are generally not available). I have a 2001 paper on <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268291114_CONSTRUCTION_DEFLATORS_AND_MEASUREMENT_OF_OUTPUT" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="color: black;">Construction Deflators and Measurement of Output</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm 15.15pt 0cm 0cm;">Another problem is the application of a deflators to the diverse range of buildings and structures, and differences in<b> </b>quality and function between them. As the energy efficiency and quality of finishes has improved, and as the share of building costs due to mechanical and electrical services has increased over time (providing greater amenity), the deflators used have not been adjusted to take these trends into account. In effect, the deflators assume there has been no change in the quality of buildings, and their inability to capture quality changes in the buildings and structures delivered by the construction industry has adversely affected the measurement of productivity. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">The US Bureau of Labour Statistics recently published productivity estimates for four<span style="background-color: white;"> construction</span> sub-industries used <span style="background-color: white;">four deflators from different government databases. Their research addresses the problem with new data: ‘The main difficulty is that buildings differ widely in their characteristics and features. Similarly, the nature of the underlying terrain varies widely among construction projects. Consequently, economists, both in general and within the BLS productivity program, have found it exceptionally difficult to develop reliable output price deflators to convert observed revenues into meaningful measures of output growth over time. Good output price deflators are therefore the key to more accurate measures of productivity growth in construction.’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;">The researchers say: ‘we examine only those industries in which the deflators exactly match the industry boundaries. Previous work generally looked at the total construction sector. Since the many new deflators now available did not exist then, these prior studies had to use the single-family housing deflator and an associated cost index to deflate production in most or all of construction.’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;">Leo Sveikauskas, Samuel Rowe, James D. Mildenberger, Jennifer Price, and Arthur Young, "Measuring productivity growth in construction," <i>Monthly Labor Review,</i> U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2018.1" style="color: #954f72;"><span color="windowtext">https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2018.1</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 12pt 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; margin: 0cm;"><i><br /></i></p></div>Gerard de Valencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05349192011572176069noreply@blogger.com1